Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Faculty Member of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Znjan, Zanjan
2 Faculty Member of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Ghazvin, Ghazvin
Abstract
?
Keywords
[1] Ainalis, A.B., Tsiouvaras, C.N. and Nastis, A.S. (2006). Effect of summer grazing on forage quality of woody and herbaceous species in a silvopastoral system in northen Greece. Journal of Arid Environments, 67: 90-99.
[2] Arzani, H. and Naseri, K. (2009). Livestock feeding on pasture. 2ed Edition, University of Tehran press, 301p.
[3] Arzani, H., 2009. Forage quality and daily requirement of grazing animal. 1ed Edition. University of Tehran press, 354p.
[4] Arzani, H., Basiri, M., Khatibi, F. and Ghorbani, G. (2006). Nutritive value of some zagros mountain rangeland species. Small Ruminant Research, 65:128-135.
[5] Arzani, H., Motamedi, H. and Zare Chahouki, M.A. (2010). National project report of forage quality of rangeland species of Iran. Institute of forests, rangelands and watershed, 325pp.
[6]Association of official nalytical chemists, AOAC (2000). Official methods of analysis. 7th Edition, Animal feed, chapter 4, p.54: Arlington: AOAC International.
[7]Atrian, P. (2009). Sheep Nutrition. 1ed Edition, Aiizh press. 348p.
[8]Baars, R.M.T. (2002). Rangeland utilization assessment and modeling for grazing and fire management. Journal of Enviromental Management, 64: 377-386.
[9]Baghestani, N., Arzani, H., Zareh, T. and Abdollahi, J. (2004). Study of forage quality of important rangeland species in Poshtkoh Yazd. Iranian Journal Range and Desert Research, Vol. 11, No. 2, 137-162.
[10]Ball, D.M., Collins, M., Lacefield, G.D., Martin, N.P., Mertens, D.A., Olson, K.E., Putnam, D.H., Undersander, D.J. and Wolf, M.W. (2001). Understanding forage quality. American Farm Bureau Federation Publication 1-01, Park Ridge. IL, 18p.
[11]Beck, J.L., Peek, J.M. and Strand, E.K. (2006). Estimates of elk summer range nutritional carrying capacity constrained by probabilities of habitat selection. Journal of Wildlife Management, 70: 283-294.
[12] Bothrot, M.H. (1985). Beef cattle nutrition and tropical pastures. 3ed Edition, Longman London, 360pp.
[13] Cook, C.W., Stoddart, L.A. and Harris, L.E. (1951). Measuring consumption and digestibility of winter range plants by sheep. Journal of Range Management, 4: 355-336.
[14] Corbett, J.L. (1987). Energy and protein utilization by grazing animals. In: Wheeler, J.L., Pearson, C.J., Roberts, G.E., Temperate pastures, their production, use and management, Australian Wool Corporation, Collingswood. Vic., 415-422pp.
[15] Crispim. S.M.A., Cardoso, E.L. and Frandes, F.A. (2001). Seasonal variation of Brachiaria spp, quality in the pantanal of mato Grosso do sul, Brazil. Grassland congress, p: 379- 380.
[16] Ebrahimi, A., Milotic, T. and Hoffmann, M. (2010). A herbivore grazing capacity model accounting for spatio-temporal environmental variation: A too for a more sustainable nature conservation and rangeland management. Journal of Ecological Modelling, 221: 900-910.
[17] El-Shatnawi, M.K. and Mohawesh, Y.M. (2000). Seasonal chemical composition of saltbush in semiarid grasslands of Jordan. Journal of Range Management, 53: 211-214.
[18] Erfanzadeh, R., Milotic, T., Petillon J., Maelfait, J.P. and Hoffman, M. (2010). Short-term impact of sheep grazing on salt-marsh vegetation succession in a newly created salt-marsh site. Journal of Grass and Forage, 65: 121-132.
[19] French, C.E., Mc Ewen, L.C., Magruder, N.D., Ingram, R.H. and Swift, R.W. (1955). Nutritional requirements of white-tailed deer for growth and antler development. State College in Penn, Penn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull., 600p.
[20] Ganskopp, D. and Bohnert, D. (2001). Nutritional dynamics of seven northern Great basin grasses. Journal of Range Management, 54: 640-647.
[21] Gonzalez-Hernandez, M.P. and Silva-Pando, F.J. (1999). Nutritional attributes of understory plants known as components of deer diets. Journal of Range Management, 52: 132-138.
[22] Goreallen, V. and Segarra, E. (2001). Anti-quality factors in rangeland and pastureland forages, Bulletin 73 of the Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station University of Idaho, Moscow, 83: 844-1130.
[23] Holechek, J.L. and Herbel, C.H. (1986). Supplementing range livestock. Journal of Rangeland, 8: 29-33.
[24] Holechek, J.L., Pieper, R.D. and Herbel, C.H. (2004). Range management principles and practices. 5ed Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff, 587p.
[25] Jafari, M., Javadi, M.R., Hamadanian, F. and Ghorbani, M. (2008). Saltland Pastures. 1th Edition, University of Tehran press, 269p.
[26] Karen, J.E., Sue, J.M. and Richard, J.D.W. (2006). Karoo Veld: Ecology and Management. 1ed Edition, Briza publication, Pretoria, South Africa, 231p.
[27] Karen, L. (2001). Anti-quality factors in rangeland and pastureland forages. Bulletion 73, Idaho forest, wildlife and range experiment station, University of Idaho, Pp: 223-242.
[28] Laca, E.A. and Shipley, L.A. (2001). Structural anti- quality characteristics of range and pasture plants. Journal of Range Management, 54: 413-419.
[29] Motamedi, J. (2011). A model of estimating short-term and long-term grazing capacity for animal and rangeland forage equilibrium. Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, 352p.
[30] Nikkhah A. and Amanlo, H. (1995). Principle of livestock feeding and nutrition. 1ed Edition, Jahad daneshgahi of Zanjan university press. 935p.
[31] NRC (2000a). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA, 232p.
[32] NRC (2000b). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, NRC MODEL. Seventh revised edition, 105p.
[33] NRC (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA, 381p.
[34] Oddy, V.H., Robards, G.E. and Low, S.G. (1983). Prediction of in vivo dry matter digestibility from the fiber nitrogen content of a feed. In: Robards, G.E., Packham, R.G., Editors, Feed Information and Animal Production, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, UK, pp. 395-398.
[35] Pearson, R.A., Archibald, R.F. and Muirhead, R.H. (2006). A comparison of the effect of forage type and level of feeding on the digestibility and gastrointestinal mean retention time of dry forage given to cattle, sheep, ponies and donkeys. British Journal of Nutrition, 95: 88-98.
[36] Pfister, J.A., Panter, K.E., Gardner, DR., Stegelemeier, B.L., Raiphs, M.H., Molyneux, R.J. and Lee, S.T. (2001). Alkaloide as anti-quality factors in plants on Western U.S. Rangelands. Journal of Range Management, 54:447-461.
[37] Richardson, F.D. (2004). Simulation models of rangelands production systems (simple and complex). Ph.D., Thesis in Applied Mathematices, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 320pp.
[38] Schwartz, C.C., Nagy, J.C. and Rice, R.W. (1977). Pronghorn dietary quality relative to forage availability and other ruminants in Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management, 41, pp. 161–168.
[39] Shamma, M. and Saeedi, H. (1987). Poisonous plants and effect of poisoning that in animals., 1ed Edition. University of Tehran press, 320p.
[40] Shipley, L.A. and Yanish, C.R. (2001). Structural anti-quality: The bones and gristle of rangeland forage. In: Anti-quality factors in rangeland and pastureland forages, Bulletion 73, Idaho forest, wildlife and range experiment station, University of Idaho, Pp: 175-210.
[41] Squires, V. (1981). Livestock management in the arid zone. 2ed Edition, Inkata Press, Melbourne, 271p.
Standing Committee on Agriculture (SCA), CSIRO, 1990. Melborn, Australia, 266p.
[42] Standing Committee on Agriculture (SCA), CSIRO (1990). Australia, 102pp.
[43] Thomas, M. and Schneider, N. (2001). Nitrate toxicosis: How it works and how to cope with it. In: Anti- quality factors in rangeland and pastureland forages, Bulletion 73, Idaho forest, wildlife and range experiment station, University of Idaho, Pp: 108-139.
[44] Thorne, E.T., Dean, R.E. and Hepworth, W.G., 1976. Nutrition during gestation in relation to successful reproduction in elk. Journal of Wildlife Management, 40: 330-335.
[45] Vallentine J.F. (2001). Grazing management. 3ed Edition, Academic Press, New York, p.657.
[46] Van Soest, P.J. (1982). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant, ruminant metabolism, fermentation and the chemistry of forages and plant fibers. 2ed Edition, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 137p.
[47] Wheeler, J.L. and Mochrie, R.D. (1981). Forage evaluation: Concepts and Techniques. 1ed Edition, CSIRO, Austeralia, 582p.
[48] White, L.M. (1983). Seasonal changes in yield, digestibility and crude protein of vegetative and floral tillers of two grasses. Journal of Range Management, 36: 402-405.
)