Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

In order to manage and implement conservational activities in watershed successfully, it is necessary to determine the sediment sources. In recent years, sediment fingerpering techniques have been used for estimating sediment sources contribution. With respect to small source samples, having many answer as a result of over fitting, there are some uncertainties in estimated sources contribution. In this study, the uncertainty associated with the multivariate mixing model was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation and GLUE approach in Zidasht-Fashandak sub- watershed. The sediment and source samples were taken in the study area and then, 54 geochemistry and three organic characteristics were measured. 17 elements were also selected as optimum tracer composition using Kruskal–Wallis H-test and multivariate discriminate analysis. Meanwhile, sources contribution were estimated using multivariate mixing models. Results showed higher contribution of sub-surface sources than the surface resources. Also, the distance between lower and upper limits for all sources and resolutely uncertainty bands were high.

Keywords

[1].   Beven, K. and Binley, A.M. (1992). The future of distributed models, model calibration and uncertainty predictions. Hydrological Processes, 6(3), 279-298.
[2].   Collins, A.L., Walling, D.E. and Leeks, G.J.L. (1997). Source type ascription for fluvial suspended sediment based on a quantitative composite fingerprinting technique. Catena, 29(1), 1–27.
[3].   Collins, A.L. and Walling, D.E. (2004). Documenting catchment suspended sediment sources: problems, approaches and prospects. Progress in Physical Geography, 28(2), 159–196.
[4].   Collins, A.L., Walling, D.E., Webb, L. and King, P. (2010). Apportioning catchment scale sediment sources using a modified composite fingerprinting technique incorporating property weightings and prior information. Geoderma, 155(3-4), pp. 249– 261.
[5].   Collins, A.L., Zhang, Y., McChesney, D., Walling, D.E., Haley, S.M. and Smith, P. (2012). Sediment source tracing in a lowland agricultural catchment in southern England using a modified procedure combining statistical analysis and numerical modeling.Science of the Total Environment, 414, PP. 301 – 317.
[6].   Foster, I.D.L. and Lees, J.A. (2000). Tracers in geomorphology: theory and applications in tracing fine particulate sediments. In: Foster, I.D.L. (Ed.), Tracers in geomorphology. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp. 3–20.
[7].   Franks, S.W. and Rowan, J.S. (2000). Multi-parameter fingerprinting of sediment sources: uncertainty estimation and tracer selection. In: Bentley, L.R., Brebbia, C.A., Gray, W. G., Pinder, G.F., Sykes, J.F. (Eds.), Computational Methods in Water Resources. alkema, Rotterdam, pp. 1067–1074.
[8].   Hakimkhani, Sh., Ahmadi, H. and Ghayoumian, J. (2009). Determining Erosion Types Contributions to the Sediment Yield Using Sediment Fingerprinting Method (Case study: Margan watershed, Makoo). Soil and Water knowledge journal, 19(1), pp. 13–27. (In Persian).
[9].   Krause, A.K., Franks, S.W., Kalma, J.D., Loughran, R.J. and Rowan, J.S. (2003). Multi-parameter fingerprinting of sediment deposition in a small gullied catchment in SE Australia.Catena, 53(4), 327–348.
[10]. Martinez-Carreras, N., Udelhoven, T., Krein, A., Gallart, F., Iffly, J.F., Ziebel, J., Hoffmann, L., Pfister, L. and Walling, D.E. (2010). The use of sediment colour measured by diffuse reflectance spectrometry to determine sediment sources: Application to the Attert River catchment (Luxembourg). Journal of Hydrology, 382(1-4), 49–63.
[11]. Motha, J.A., Wallbrink, P.J., Hairsine, P.B. and Grayson, R.B. (2004). Unsealed roads as suspended sediment sources in an agricultural catchment in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Hydrology, 286 (1-4), 1–18.
[12]. Phillips, J.M., Russell, M.A. and Walling, D.E. (2000). Time-integrating sampling of fluvial suspended sediment: a simple methodology for small catchments. Hydrological Processes, 14(14), 2589– 2602.
[13]. Small, I.S., Rowan, J.S. and Franks, S.W. (2002). Quantitative sediment fingerprinting using a Bayesian uncertainty estimation framework. In: Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C., Olley, J.M. (Eds.), The structure, function and management implications of fluvial sedimentary systems. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication No. 276. IAHS Press, Wallingford, UK, pp. 443–450.
[14]. Rowan, J.S., Goodwill, P. and Franks, S.W. (2000). Uncertainty estimation in fingerprinting suspended sediment sources. In: Foster, I.D.L. (Ed.), Tracers in Geomorphology. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp. 279–290.
[15]. Walling, D.E., Woodward, J.C. and Nicholas, A.P. (1993). A multi-parameter approach to fingerprinting suspended sediment sources. In: Peters, N.E., Hoehn, E., Leibundgut, Ch., Tase, N., Walling, D.E. (Eds.),
Tracers in Hydrology
. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication No. 215. IAHS Press, Wallingford, UK, pp. 329–337.