Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
Social capital is one of the main factors for local sustainable development and social empowerment. The objective of present research is social capital assessment to achieve local sustainable development in Se-Qaleh city, Sarayan district in South Khorasan province, where the international RFLDL project was implemented. In this research, the level of trust and cooperation ties in the stakeholder’s network was assessed in two stages i.e. before and after implementing the RFLDL project using network analysis questionnaires based on observation and interview with all stakeholders and also through the measurement of network analysis indicators including; density, reciprocity, transitivity and average of geodesic distance. The results of this study show the amount of trust and cooperation or social capital before implanting the RFLDL project was in moderate status but it increased post project implementation. The rate of trust and cooperation exchanges among people after implementing the project grew higher than before. Implementing this project as well enhanced the unity among the people.
Keywords
[1]. Ballet, J., Sirven, N., and Requiers-Desjardins, M (2007), Social Capital and Natural Resource Management, The Journal of Environment & Development, 16 (4): 355-374.
[2]. Bastani, S and Raise, M., 2011. "network analysis method: Use the networks approach in the open source community", Journal of Social Studies, Volume V, Number 2, 57-31.
[3]. Bodin, O. and Prell, C (2011), Social network in natural resources management. Cambridge University Press.
[4]. Bodin, O., Crona, B. and Ernstson, H (2006), Social networks in natural resource management – What’s there to learn from a structural perspective?, Ecology & Society, 11 (2).
[5]. Bullen, P. and Onyx, J (1999), Social Capital: Family Support Services and Neighbourhood and Community Center in New South Wales, Family Support Services Association and Sydney, Avialable at: http://www.mapl.com.au/A12.htm.
[6]. Cvetkovich G. and Winter P.L (2003), Trust & social representations of threatened and endangered species. Environment and Behavior, 35(2):286–307.
[7]. Davenport, M. A., Leahy, J.E. Anderson, D.H. and Jakes, P.J (2007), Building trust in natural resource management within local communities: a case study of the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie. Environmental Management, 39(3):353- 368.
[8]. Davis, J., Kang, A. and Vincent, J ( 2001), How Important is Improved Water Infrastructureto Microenterprises? Evidence from Uganda, Journal ofWorld Developed, 29, PP. 1753-1767.
[9]. Dughayi, M. 2013., "motivational strategies of public participation in local sustainable development", Congress of Architecture, Urban Planning and Sustainable Development, Mashhad
[10]. Earle, T. and Cvetkovich, G. T )1995(, Social Trust: Toward a Cosmopolitan Society, New York: Praeger, 240p.
[11]. Ebrahimi Azarkharan, F., Ghorbani, M., Salajegheh, A., and Mohseni Saravi, M. (2014). Social Network Analysis of Local Stakeholders in Action Plan for Water Resources Co-Management (Case study: Jajrood River in Latian watershed, Darbandsar village). Iran-Watershed management science Engineering, 8(25), 47-56. ( In Persian)
[12]. Gaotri, H (1986), Popular Participation in Development, Paris: Unesco.
[13]. Ghaffari, GH and Taj al-Din, M.B (2005), "identify the components of social exclusion", Journal of Social Welfare, Year 4, Issue 17, 55-33.
[14]. Ghorbani, M. (2012). The Role of Social Network in Rangeland Mechanisim (Case study: Taleghan Rigion), PhD Thesis, Natural Resouroces Department, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran (in Persian).
[15]. Ghorbani, M. (2014). The report of national project: Social network analysis; modeling, policy-making and implementation of natural resources co-management (Vol 1.), University of Tehran and the Iranian Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Management organization. (In Persian)
[16]. Ghorbani, M. (2016). The report of national project: Social network analysis; modeling, policy-making and implementation of natural resources co-management (Vol 2.), University of Tehran and the Iranian Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Management organization. . ( In Persian)
[17]. Ghorbani, M., Azarnivand H., Mehrabi, A. A., Bastani, S., Jafari, M. and vice, H. (1392), "Social network analysis: a new approach in policy-making and planning collaborative management of natural resources" Journal of range and Watershed, 1 (7): 85-47.
[18]. Hoseni beheshti, S.A and Hadavi, H., 2006. The role of confidence-building to increase participation from the viewpoint of Imam Khomeini," Social Science Quarterly, 29, 132-113.
[19]. Jatel, N (2013), Using social network analysis to make invisible human actor water governance networks visible – the case of the Okanagan vallay, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in the college of graduate studies (Interdisciplinary Studies) the University of British Columbia.
[20]. Karegar, A., Nooshafarin, B., Yousephi, M. and Habili, R. (2015), "Report of the International Project and restoration of degraded forest lands (RFLDL)», published Chahar Derakht, Birjand.
[21]. Key, A (2005), Social Capital, the social economy and community development, Oxford University Press and Community. Development Journal. Advance Access publication 15 Feb: 162.
[22]. Leahy, E. and Anderson, H ( 2008), Trust Factors in Community–water ResourcesManagement Agency Relationships, Journal of Landscape and UrbanPlanning, )87:(100–107.
[23]. Mohammadi Kangarani, H. and Mohammadi, I. (2014), Introduction to methodology of social networks (Translation), University of Hormozgan.
[24]. Mousavi, M.T (2007). "Community participation is one of the components of social capital", Journal of Social Welfare, Issue 23, 92-67.
[25]. Newig, J., Günther, D. and Pahl-Wostl, C (2010), Synapses in the network: learning in governance networks in the context of environmental management, Ecology and Society, 15 (4): 24.
[26]. Offe, C (1996), Trust and knowledge, rules and decisions, Washington: Georgetown University (mimeo).
[27]. Plickert, G., Cˆot´e, R.R. and Wellman, B (2007), It’s not who you know, it’s how you know them: Who exchanges what with whom? Social Networks, (29): 405-429.
[28]. Pretty, J. and Ward, H (2001). Social capital and the environment. World Development, 29(2):209–227
[29]. Rahimi balkanlou, Kh. 2014. Feasibility assessment of the sustainability of land use social network analysis and performance analysis perspective" (thesis). Department of Natural Resources, Tehran University.
[30]. Rayahi, V., Jamshidi, A., Jamini, D., and Cheraghe, R., 2013. Evaluation of social capital and its influencing factors among the villagers (Case Study of Kermanshah Avraanat area) ", Journal of Rural Planning, (4).
[31]. Nazarpour, M.N and Montazeri, Moghadam, M (2011), "Social capital and economic development, community involvement MtalhAy about Islam", Journal of Islamic Economics, Volume I, Number 37, 87-57.
[32]. Rijke, J., Brown, R., Zevenbergen, Ch., Ashley, R., Farrelly, M., Morison, P. and van Herk, S (2012), Fit-for-purpose governance: A framework to make adaptive governance operational. Environmental Science & Policy, )22(: 73-84.
[33]. Rousseau, D.M., Sitkin, S.B., Burt, R.S. and Camerer, C (1998), Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. The Academy of Management Review 23(3) :393–404.
[34]. Salari sardari, F., Beranvandzadeh, M and Alizadeh, S.D. (2012). The role of social capital in local sustainable development ", the identity of the city, Issue 19: 88-77 .
[35]. Salari, F. 2014. Modeling and network analysis Policies watershed Kermanshah resin "(master's thesis). Department of Natural Resources, Tehran University.
[36]. Scott, J (2000), Social Network Analysis. Sage, London.
[37]. Shafia, S. (2010), "The relationship between social capacity of residents of informal settlements with local sustainable development", Master's thesis in urban management, Allameh Tabatabai University School of Management.
[38]. Shafii, M., Abdolhoseni., M., Yari, A, Karegar, A and Pvyafr, A.M. (2013), participatory management of natural resources and rural development planning, publishing poets, Mashhad 272pp.
[39]. Shfyyany Thani, M. (2001), "citizen participation, urban governance and urban management," Journal of Urban Management, 2 (8): 55-42.
[40]. Sphere, M.M. and Riahi, A. (2010), "Applying social network analysis to extract knowledge management system needs in knowledge-based organizations," Science and Technology Policy, Issue 2, 49-60.
[41]. Tajbakhsh, k., 2010. social capital, trust, democracy and development, Tehran, publishing and research headband, 704 pages.
[42]. Tanhaee, A and Hazrati Soumee, Z., 2012. "The theory of social capital research in Iran", Journal of Behavioral Sciences, No. 2, 52-29.
[43]. Taylor, J )2002), Sustainable Development a Dubious Solution in Search of a Problem, Policy analysis, )449(: 1-49.
[44]. Vaske, J., Absher, J., and Bright, A. D (2007), Salient value similarity, social trust and attitudes toward wildland fire management strategies. Human Ecology Review, 14(2) :223-232.
[45]. Wondelleck, J.M. and Yaffee, S.L (2000), Making Collaboration Work: Lessons from innovation in natural resource management. Washington, DC, Island Press.
)