Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
tehran university, tenure, pasture phd
Abstract
The most important factor affecting forage quality is phenological stage that if it is recognized correctly, the appropriate grazing time will be determined. In this study, four species including Artemisia sieberi, Salsolakerneri, AelieniasubaphyllaandEurotiaceratoides in different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and seedling) were sampled. Samples were taken from the rangelands of Nodooshan-Yazd in 1389 and 1390. At each stage, five replicates for each plant species were selected and at least five vegetable bases from different locations of vegetation type in the region were selected. Samples were grinded after drying and separating different parts (flower, leaf and stem) and then they were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy in the laboratory. Important indicators of quality such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and metabolic energy (ME) were determined. Results showed that the highest percentage of crude protein is found in leaves of A. subaphyllaand in vegetative stage (9.19%), highest percentage of ADF is in shoot and in seedling stage (53.42%) and the highest percentage of DMD (48.13%) and the highest amount of metabolic energy (6.18 MJ/KgDM) is in leaves of A. sieberi and in vegetative stage, respectively. The end of the vegetative period can be considered the best time for grazing.
Keywords
[1] Ahmadi, A. (2003). An investigation on forage quality of rangeland species in Phenological stages using by two methods In- Vitro and NIR. Msc Thesis of rangeland, College of Natural Resources, University of Tehran. (In Persian)
[2] Amirkhani, M., Dianati Tilaki, Gh. A. and Mesdaghi, M. (2008). An investigation on forage quality of Agropyron cristatum and Thinopyrum intermadium in different phenological stages at Golestan National park, Journal of Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 74: 61-65. (In Persian)
[3] Arzani, H. and Naseri, K.L. (2007). Livestock Feeding on Pasture (Translated), University of Tehran press, 2 Edition, 299pp. (In Persian)
[4] Arzani, H. (2009). Forage Quality and Daily Requirement of Grazing Animal, Tehran University Press, 329p. (In Persian)
[5] Arzani, H. (2000). Study of forage quality, report of research project of Range to determine economic policies basic social units. College of Natural Resources, University of Tehran. (In Persian)
[6] Arzani, H. (2004). Report of the National Plan to determine the quality of pasture forage plants of Iran, The effect of environmental factors on and introduced appropriate methods of evaluation forage quality, National Scientific Research Council. (In Persian)
[7] Arzani, H., Esfandiari, A., Nourozian, H., Ghorbani, M. and Torkan, J. (2009). Determination of animal unit equivalent (AUE) and daily requirement energy for Sanjabi sheep breed. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Journal of Range and Watershed Management, 62(2): 175-186. (In Persian)
[8] Arzani, H., Basiri, M., Khatibi, F. and Ghorbani, G. (2006). Nutritive value of some zagros mountain rangeland species, Small Ruminant Research. 65, 128–135. (In Persian)
[9] Arzani, H., Torkan, J., Jafari, M., Jalili, A. and Nikkhah, A. (2001). Effect of Phenological Stages and Ecological Factors on Forage Quality of Some Range Species. Iranian journal of Agriculture Science, 32(2): 385-399. (In Persian)
[10] Arzani, H., Sadeghimanesh, M.R., Azarnivand, H., Asadian, GH. and Shahriyari, E., (2008). Study of phonological stages effect on nutritive values of twelve species in Hamadan rangelands. Iranian journal of Range and Desert Reseach, 15(1): 42-50. (In Persian)
[11] Arzani, H., Zohdi, M., Fisher, E., Zaheddi Amiri, G.H., Nikkhah, A. and Wester, D. 2004; Phenological effects on forage quality of five grass species, J. Range Management, 57: 624-630. (In Persian)
[12] Baghestani Meybodi, N., Arzani, H., Zare, M. T. and Abdolahi, J. (2004). The study of forage quality of Poshtkuh steppe rangelands important species located in Yazd province. J. Ranglenad and Desert Research, 11(2): 137-163. (In Persian)
[13] Behnamfar, K., Siadt, S. A. and Salehe Shoshtari, M. H. (2009).Comparison of nutritional values of important range species in semi warm steppe Rangeland of Khouzestan. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 16(1): 86-95. (In Persian)
[14] Charesaz, N., Jafari, A. A., Arzani, H. and Azarnivand, H. (2011), Prediction of Quality Parameters in Some Range Species by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, IX International Rangeland Congress. Rosario, Argentina, p. 545. (In Persian)
[15] Crowder, L. V. (1985). Pasture management for optimum ruminant production, in Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates, Edited by; L R. McDowell, Academic Press, INC, San Diego, PP. 103-128.
[16] Deaville, E. R., Flinn, P. C., Givens, D. I. and et al (2000). Near infrared (NIR) spectropscopy: and alternative approach for the estimation of forage quality and voluntary intake. Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition. 301-320 pp.
[17] Distel, R. A., Didone, N. G., Moretto, A. S. (2005). Variations in Chemical Composition Associated with Tisssue aging in Palatabl and Unpalatable Grasses Native to Central Argentina, J. Arid Environment, 62: 351-357.
[18] El-Shatnawi, M. K. and Mohawesh, Y. M. (2000). Seasonal Chemical Composition of saltbush in semiarid grassland of Jordan. J. Range Manage, 53:211-214.
[19] Erfanzadeh, R. and Arzani, H., 2003. Effect of Phenological Stages on Forage Quality of Vicia tetrasperma (L). Schreb and Trifolium repens L., Journal of Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 55: 96-98. (In Persian)
[20] García, J. and Cozzolino, D. (2006). Use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict chemical composition of forages from breeding programs. Agricultura Tecnica (Chile) 66: 41-48.
[21] Ghodsi Rasi, H and Arzani, H. (1998). The Study of Effective Factors on Palatability of Important Plants in Char Bagh Gorgan, Pajoohesh and Sazandegi, 36: 50-53. (In Persian)
[22] Holechek, J.I., Herbal, C.H. and Pieper, R.D. (2004). Rang Management Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall Pub. Forth Edition. P: 587.
[23] Jafari, A. A. (2002). Investigation the possibility of using near infrared spectroscopy to estimate digestibility of forage Grass. Proceedings of the Third Research Seminar on Feeding of livestock and Poultry. Publications of Research Institute of Animal Science, 55-63. (In Persian)
[24] Jafari, A., Connolly, V., Frolich, A. and Walsh, E. I. (2003). A note on estimation of quality parameters in perennial ryegrass by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, Irish J. Agricultural and food research, 42:293-299, (ISI).
[25] Kamalak, A. (2006). Determination of nutritive value of leaves of a native grown shrub, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. using in vitro and in situ measurements. Small Ruminant Research, 64: 268–278.
[26] Moran, J. (2009). Forage quality of semi natural calcareous grasslands and heaths of the Burren. Burren LIFE: Farming for Conservation.
[27] Moron, A., Garicia, A., Sawchik, J. and Cozzolino, D. (2006). Preliminary study on the use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy to assess nitrogen content of undried wheat plants, Journal of the Science of Food and Agricultural, 87:47-152.
[28] Nie, Z. D, Han, J. G., Zhang, L. D. and Li, I. H. (2007). Applications of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy technique (NIRS) to grassland ecology research, Journal spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 27:691-676.
[29] Norris, K. H., Barnes, R. F., Moore I. E. and Shenk, I. S. (1976). Predicting Forage quality by NIRS, J. Animal Science. 43(4).
[30] Norton, B.W. and Waterfall, M.H., 2000. The nutrient value of tipuna tiou and calliandra calochrasus as supplements to low-quality straw for goats, Small Rumanant Research, 38(2): 175-182.
[31] Peiretti, P. G. and Gai, F. (2006). Chemical Composition, Nutritive Value, Fatty acid and Amino Acid Contents of Galega officinalis L. during its Growth Stage and in regrowth, J. of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 130: 257-267.
[32] Rashtian, A. (2009). Investigation of palatability and quality rangeland species in yazd province. (Case study: Nodooshan rangeland). Ph.D Thesis of rangeland, College of agriculture science and natural Resources, University of Gorgan. (In Persian)
[33] Zohdi, M. (2002). Determine and compare the quality of different parts and determine the amount and location carbohydrate reserves in pasture species. Msc Thesis of rangeland, College of Natural Resources, University of Tehran. (In Persian)
)