Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
u
Abstract
Ground water depletion and water shortage are two problems in Hormozgan province which have occurred due to the irregular use and inappropriate management of demand and supply of water in agricultural sector. This research explored the balance of agriculture virtual water trade (imports and exports of virtual water) and its value in two catchments with different climate in north (Baraftab catchment in Hajiabad) and east (Payab-E Roodan catchment) of Hormozgan province. Based on the results, most of the volume of virtual water in northern catchment is related to wheat and Palm fruit with the amounts of 14 and 0.18 million cubic meters, respectively. Most of the volume of virtual water in the eastern catchment of province is related to Palm fruit (0.8 million cubic meters) and citrus (0.6 million cubic meters) and most of the volume of imported virtual water is related to wheat and rice. Also, Baraftab and Payab catchments are the exporter and importer of virtual water, respectively so that the amount of the balance of trade of virtual water in two mentioned catchments are -11.94 and 17.83, respectively. 64% and 67 % of fresh water in two Baraftab and Payab catchments is consumed to produce the agricultural products. The amount of water self-sufficiency index of virtual water is 86% and 81% and the amount of water shortage index is 66% and 69% in Baraftab and Payab catchments, respectively. These results reveal the severe water shortage in these two catchments.
Keywords
[1] Ababaei, B. and Ramezani Etedali, H. (2014). Estimation of Water Footprint parts in National Wheat Production. Journal of Water and Soil, 29(6), 1458-1468.
[2] Allan, J. A. (1998). Virtual water: a strategic resource. Ground water, 36(4), 545-547.
[3] Allen, T. (1998). Watersheds and problemsheds: Explaining the absence of armed conflict over water in the Middle East. Middle East, 2(1), 49-51.
[4] Arabie Yazdi, A., Nick Nia, N. and Majidi, N. (2014). Water Security Assessment in Arid Climates Based on Water Footprnt Concept (case study; south khorasan province). Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 8(4), 735-746.
[5] Ardakanian, R. and Sohrabi, R. (2006). Virtual water trade: World Literature and use in Iran, 2thIran Water Resources Management Conference, Sharif university of technology, Tehran, Iran, 17-28.
[6] Babazadeh, H. and Sarai Tabrizi, M. (2015). Agriculture province assess the situation from the perspective of virtual water. Water Research in Agriculture (Soil and Water Sciences), 26(4), 485-499.
[7] Baghestani, A., Mehrabi Bashrabad, H., Zare Mehrjardi, M. and Sherafatmand, H. (2010). Application of the virtual water concept Iran Water Resources Management. Iran Water Resources Research, 6(1), 28-39.
[8] Bazrafshan, O., Cheshmberah, A, and Holisaz, A. (2015). Trend analysis of the pan evaporation in different climates of Hormozgan province. Journal of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Resources, 4(2), 171-176.
[9] Chapagain A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2004). Water footprint of nations. Value of the Water, Research Report Series No. 16, UNESCO-IHE, Delft. The Netherlands.
[10] Chapagain, A. K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003). Virtual water trade: A quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to trade of livestock and livestock products. PP. 49-76. In: A. Y. Hoekstra (Ed.), Virtual Water Trade, Proc. of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 12. IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
[11] Dehghan Manshadi, H., Nice Sokhan, M. and Ardestani, M. (2013). Estimating Potential of Virtual Water in an Inter-basin Water Transfer. Journal of Water Resources Engineering, 2(19), 101-114.
[12] Faramarzi, M., Yang, H., Mousavi, J., Schulin, R., Binder, R. and Abbaspour, K. (2010). Analysis of intra-country virtual water trade strategy to alleviate water scarcity in Iran. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 7(2), 2609-2649.
[13] GholamHosein Pour Jafari Nejad, A., Alizadeh, A. and Neshat, A. (2013). Study on Ecological Water Footprint and indicators of virtual water in Agricultural Section of Kerman Province. Irrigation & Water Engineering Iran, 4(13), 80-89.
[14] Guan, D.B. and Hubacek, K. (2007). Assessment of regional trade and virtual water flows in China. Ecological Economics, 61(1), 159–170.
[15] Hoekstra A.Y. and Hung P.Q. (2002). Virtual water trade: A quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade. Value of the Water Research Report Series No. 11, UNESCO-IHE, Delft.
[16] Hoekstra, A. Y., & Hung, P. Q. (2005). Globalisation of water resources: international virtual water flows in relation to crop trade. Global environmental change, 15(1), 45-56.
[17] Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A. K. (2007). Water footprints of nations: water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water resources management, 21(1), 35-48.
[18] Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2007) the water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water use as a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities. Ecological Economics, 64, 143–151.
[19] Hoekstra, A.Y. and Mekonnen, M.M. (2016). Imported water risk: the case of the UK. Environmental Research Letters, 11(5), 50-52.
[20] Kouzegaran, S., Mousavi Baygi, M., Sanaeinejad, H. and Behdani, M. (2014). Changes in cropping pattern and intensification based on virtual water with the saffron centrality (Case Study: Birjand plain). Journal of Saffron Research, 25(4), 892-904.
[21] Ma, J., Hoekstra, A.Y., Wang, H., Chapagain, A.K. and Wang, D. (2005). Review Virtual versus real water transfers within China. Journal philosophical Transactions Royal society Bacteriology, 361, 835–843.
[22] Madani, K. (2014). Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis?. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 4(4), 315-328.
[23] Mohamadjany, A. and Yazdanian, N. (2014). The effects of trade liberalization on the well-being of consumers and agricultural producers, exchange of virtual water and sustainability (Case Study in Fars Province). The Economic Research 21(65), 117-144.
[24] Mohamadjany, A. and Yazdanian, N. (2014). The water crisis in the country situational analysis and requirements management, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 6(3), 145-176.
[25] Oki, T. and Kanae. S. (2004). Virtual water trade and world water resources. Water Science and Technology. 49(7): 203-209.
[26] Rouhani. N., Yang, H., Amin Sichani, S., Afyuni M, Mousavi, S. and Kamgar Haghighi A. (2009). Assessment of food products and virtual water trade as related to available water resources in Iran. Journal of water and soil science, 12(46), 417-432.
[27] Sabouhi, M. and Soltani, G.H. (2008). Optimize cropping patterns in the catchment area, with an emphasis on social benefits and net imports of virtual water. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 12(43), 297-313.
[28] Sun, S. K., Wu, P. T., Wang, Y.B. and Zhao, X. N. (2013). The virtual water content of major grain crops and virtual water flows between regions in China. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(6), 1427-1437.
[29] Tang, J., Lu, X., Sun, Q. and Zhu, W. (2012). Aging effect of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil under different attenuation conditions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 149, 109-117.
[30] Van Oel P.R., Mekonnen M.M. and Hoekstra A.Y.(2008). The external Water Footprint of the Netherlands: Quantification and impact assessment. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 33, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
[31] Vandekerckhove, L., Poesen, J. and Govers, G. (2003). Medium-term gully headcut retreat rates in Southeast Spain determined from aerial photographs and ground measurements. Catena, 50(1), 329-352.
[32] Velázquez, E. (2007). Water trade in Andalusia. Virtual water: An alternative way to manage water use. Ecological Economics, 63(1), 201-208.
[33] Verma, S., Kampman, D.A., Van der Zaag, P. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2009) going against the flow: a critical analysis of inter-state virtual water trade in the context of India's National River Linking Program. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 34, 261–269.
[34] Wang, Y.B., Wu, P.T., Zhao X.N. and Engel, B.A. (2014) Virtual water flows of grain within China and its impact on water resource and grain security in 2010. Ecological Engineering 69, 255–264.
[35] Yang, H. and Zehnder, A. (2001). China's regional water scarcity and implications for grain supply and trade. Environment and Planning A, 33(1), 79-95.
[36] Yang, H. and Zehnder, A. (2007) Virtual water: An unfolding concept in integrated water resources management. Water Resources Research, 43(12), 443-445.
[37] Yang, H., Wang, L., Zehnder, A.J.B. (2007) Water scarcity and food trade in the southern and eastern Mediterranean countries. Food Policy, 32, 585– 605.
[38] Zare Abyaneh, H., Aram, H., and Akhavan, S. (2015). Assessment of virtual water trade volume of main crops in Hamedan province. Iran Water Research Journal, 9(3), 151-161.
[39] Zhao, F.Z., Liu, W.H. and Deng, H.B. (2005) the potential role of virtual water in solving water scarcity and food security problems in China. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 12(4), 419–428.
[40] Zhuo, L., Mekonnen, M. M., Hoekstra, A. and Wada, Y. (2016). Inter-and intra-annual variation of water footprint of crops and blue water scarcity in the Yellow River basin (1961–2009).Advances in Water Resources, 8(7), 29-41.
)