Ali Norouzi; iman haghiyan; Esmaeil Sheidai Karkaj
Abstract
Rangelands as a source of meat, forage, water and soil play a significant role in the country's economy, but the increase in the number of livestock and livestock in the rangelands has eliminated the balance between production and harvest. In this research, the effect of rangeland projects on various ...
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Rangelands as a source of meat, forage, water and soil play a significant role in the country's economy, but the increase in the number of livestock and livestock in the rangelands has eliminated the balance between production and harvest. In this research, the effect of rangeland projects on various indices such as plant diversity, condition, rangeland trend, production and canopy cover percentage in five rangeland (Tajrud, Sangolabad, Ali Abad, Garmab and Dochahi) located in Torbat Heydarieh county has been investigated. For this purpose, after measuring the mentioned indices in the rangelands (treatment) and their adjacent sites as a control, statistical analysis were performed using t-test. The results of the comparison of the mean vegetation percentage indicate that the canopy cover percentage of the planted area with the rate of 51/64% is higher than the ungraded area with a rate of 47.5% with a significant canopy at 5%. Also, despite the high number of production in the area with a plot (73.08 kg / ha), compared to the area without design (67/99), this difference is not significant. The average score of the score for the area inside the project (27.4) and outside the plan (23.4) are not statistically significant with each other. The implementation of rangelands in three regions from all five regions has been proven to negatively affect rangeland tendency. Also, the implementation of the rangeland scheme has significantly increased the Shannon-Wiener heterogeneity indices and Simpson's uniformity in the design, rangeland has not changed significantly in the Margalaf richness index.
Dariush Ghorbanian; Ehsan Zandi esfahan; Heydar Sharafieh; Alireza Eftekhari
Abstract
The use of saline and lands low-yield lands for forage production is an important step towards optimal utilization of low quality soil and water resources and supplying livestock forage as well as conservation of soil and water resources. Therefore, this research was aimed to investigate the establishment ...
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The use of saline and lands low-yield lands for forage production is an important step towards optimal utilization of low quality soil and water resources and supplying livestock forage as well as conservation of soil and water resources. Therefore, this research was aimed to investigate the establishment potential, canopy cover percentage, height growth and yield. Garmasar Desert Research Station with a soil salinity of 30-35 ds/m and Atriplex canescens, Atriplex leucoclada, Atriplex verrocifera, Aeluropus lagopoides and Aeluropus littoralis were selected and the species were cultivated in three replications. In each replication, 15 individuals of the study species were cultivated on each row. According to the results, the establishment percentage of At. ca, At. le, At. ve, Ae. la and Ae. li was recorded to be 95.5%, 95.5%, 100%, 97.7%, and 100%, respectively, indicating high establishment potential. The results of analysis of variance for annual yield showed that all the study species were able to produce forage in saline lands with a soil salinity of 35 ds/m.Among the study species, At. ca and At. le had the highest canopy cover and height. The highest forage production (more than 2 kg ha-1) was recorded for At. le, compared with other study species.Our results clearly showed that yield and canopy cover superior to other traits in showing the differences among the study species.
Javad Motamedi; Tayebeh Tofighi azar; Morteza Molaei
Abstract
Functions of a natural resource, including rangeland ecosystems, can be divided into four groups of regulatory, habitat, production and information functions. Therefore, in this study, the economic valuation of forage production function and utilization of rhizome orchid were in terms of performance ...
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Functions of a natural resource, including rangeland ecosystems, can be divided into four groups of regulatory, habitat, production and information functions. Therefore, in this study, the economic valuation of forage production function and utilization of rhizome orchid were in terms of performance and utilization of orchid feed, studied in Trgvr grasslands of Urmia. For this purpose among, the distribution areas of orchids in the grasslands area, six locations with a total area of 120 hectares with different water levels that are representative of a wide range of grassland area, were selected. Then, The production of different vegetation forms and the amount of orchids production was measured in represetive sample, and the economic value was estimated by marketing method according to the results each hectare of grassland area is able to produce 1731.78 kg forage and 4.02 kg orchids in a growing season, whit it's economic value of each hectare of forage production and utilization of orchids in terms of function, respectively equal to 16.88 and 44.72 IRR. The results of the study are useful in determine the acceptable level of damages grassland area and to calculated and green national accounts.
zohreh asar; masoud masoudi
Abstract
Desertification refers to land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid region. It is a global environmental problem with political and socio-economic consequences. Land degradation occurs as a result of impoverished vegetation cover that may lead to a progressive and irreversible reduction ...
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Desertification refers to land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid region. It is a global environmental problem with political and socio-economic consequences. Land degradation occurs as a result of impoverished vegetation cover that may lead to a progressive and irreversible reduction of the biological or economic productivity. Overgrazing may cause degradation of soil and vegetation. Degradation of vegetation and soil in dry lands, sometimes called desertification, is thought to be a serious threat to the sustainability of human habitation. Therefore, the intensity of grazing can serve as an index of environmental pressure. The Miandehi region, located in the Northeast Iran, has been selected as a test area to assess livestock pressure. Present paper assessed the pressure of livestock within the studied area using GIS. FAO-UNEP model (1984) proposes the use of a ratio of potential carrying capacity to present livestock density as an estimate of pressure of livestock. This method has been adopted with some modifications for the present study. Therefore, maps of the hazard of pressure of livestock were prepared after overlying and calculating different parameters in GIS. According to the final map of pressure of livestock in Miandehi region, areas of no hazard, slight hazard, severe hazard and very severe hazard comprised respectively 21.3, 5.6, 9.8 and 63.3 % of the study area. Results showed that areas under very severe hazard dominate Miandehi (63.3 % of total land).
Ataollah Ebrahimi
Abstract
Canopy cover and forage production have always been two important indicators in rangeland assessment, which sometimes are applied as surrogates of each other. These two indicators are widely used in rangeland studies and have a vital role in evaluation of rangeland structure and functions. Occasionally, ...
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Canopy cover and forage production have always been two important indicators in rangeland assessment, which sometimes are applied as surrogates of each other. These two indicators are widely used in rangeland studies and have a vital role in evaluation of rangeland structure and functions. Occasionally, different sampling groups (estimators) evaluate forage production and canopy cover of different spaces and times. This research was aimed at investigation of different sampling groups and life-forms' effects on relationship between canopy cover and forage yield estimation. To do so, the impact of three sampling groups and five life forms (Fixed factors) on estimation of relationship between canopy cover (covariate) and forage yield (dependent variable) in a full factorial model in rangeland of Chahrtagh of Naghan, Chahrmhal-va-Bakhtiari Province, was estimated. Results shows that predictor variable of canopy cover is a god surrogate for forage production (P≤0.05) of different life-forms, but different sampling groups significantly (P≤0.05) effects on relationship between canopy cover and forage production estimation. Nevertheless, different life-forms do not significantly (P≤0.05) influence estimation of canopy cover and forage production relationship. By the way, interaction between sampling group and life forms considerably (P≤0.05) affects the relation. Therefore, we conclude that, although, the canopy cover is a good predictor of forage production, nonetheless, different sampling groups should not be engaged in sampling and monitoring vegetation cover and forage production estimation, specifically, if estimation of different life-forms' production is intended.
Ghader Karimi; hasan Yeganeh; Masoomeh Abassi Khalaki; mehdi moameri; Hadi Afra
Abstract
To evaluate the vegetative and productive characteristics and forage utilization by livestock at different stages of Bromus tomentellus Boiss.Phonology, this experiment was carried out during five years in Kordan Rangeland of Alborz province rangelands. So starting the grazing season and livestock entering, ...
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To evaluate the vegetative and productive characteristics and forage utilization by livestock at different stages of Bromus tomentellus Boiss.Phonology, this experiment was carried out during five years in Kordan Rangeland of Alborz province rangelands. So starting the grazing season and livestock entering, any remaining amount of forage grazing was harvested until a month intervals, and utilization rate was determined by subtraction between harvested forage and fenced plot forage. Finally, in order to study the effect of harvest months on the production and utilization of specie under investigation in the study area, data were analyzed. In overall, the results of this study were showed that highest production was belong to third and fourth years and least production was belong to first year. The utilization changes were similar to production changes. In addition, growth and production period Bromus tomentellus Boiss.was spring. The growth and production this plant was maximum in April and then reduced in July. The forage of this plant in May and June has been strongly grazing in the study area. In July the utilization rate this plant was decreased. It seems that the complete growth stages, this species have a woody and livestock grazing has less on it. Thus reduce the amount consumed by livestock.
Shafagh Rastgar; Ali Darijani; Hossein Barani; Mohammad Ghorbani; Jamshid Ghorbani; Vahed Bordi Sheikh
Abstract
Forage is the main product of rangelands. So, determining its economic value as one of the main important nonmonetary functions can help managers to improve planning and optimal utilization management of rangelands. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the economic valuation of the forage of ...
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Forage is the main product of rangelands. So, determining its economic value as one of the main important nonmonetary functions can help managers to improve planning and optimal utilization management of rangelands. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the economic valuation of the forage of summer rangelands in Nour-roud watershed basin in Mazandaran province. Consequently, total forage production estimated by using double method in 12 unit works. According to the heterogeneity of range forages in terms of economic and lacking organized market for transaction, have been used barely and using Replacement Cost Method (RCM). In order to homogenize the value of all forage plants, Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) of each plant multiplied to its forage product to calculate the nutrition value of forage per rangeland unit work. According to the specified T.D.N of barely, the equivalent weight of barely, identified for each range/ha in different price scenarios (guaranteed, international and farm prices), total value of forage production calculated based on barely price. Results showed that, Forage yield equivalent to barely was estimated 276.5 kg per ha of 89826.7 usable summer rangelands. Its economic value was equivalent to 713280 Rials per hectare. Also, its average annual economic value by 3 price senarios estimated, 64.6 Milyard Rials. This amount of economic value was equal to 718900 Rials per hectare of Nour-rud rangelands. Also, the estimated forage values are only 25 percentage of total economic value of rangeland ecosystem that has been exploited as natural bequest without any investment.
J. Sharifi; M. Akbarzadeh
Abstract
A major part of the rangelands of Iran are located in arid and semi-arid regions. In this climate, rainfall fluctuation is an important factor which affects vegetation and forage production. In dry years that rainfall decreases, surface vegetation and forage production is damaged. This study was conducted ...
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A major part of the rangelands of Iran are located in arid and semi-arid regions. In this climate, rainfall fluctuation is an important factor which affects vegetation and forage production. In dry years that rainfall decreases, surface vegetation and forage production is damaged. This study was conducted on semi-steppic rangelands of Ardebil over nine years (1999-2007), to study of vegetation changes with rainfall fluctuation. The results showed that canopy cover of Salsola gemmascens and Noaea mucronata species was decreased but Artemisia fragrans and Kochia prostrata species were increased.Generally density of shrub species was decreased about 40% and showed a positive correlation with seasonal precipitation (fall and winter). Grass species showed different response to precipitation changes over nine years period and in general, no significant changes were observed. Stipa hohenackeriana species was affected by winter precipitation but Poa bulbosa and Cynodon dactylon were correlated with spring precipitation. Density of perennial forbs species was increased considerably (about seven times), but in dry years (2000-2002) forage production reduced. Forage production over nine years increased from 296 kg to 747 kg per hectare, which is approximately 2.5 times higher. Meanwhile, proportion of plants in classes I, II and III, were respectively, 23.1, 51.9 and 25.2 percent of forage production. Also, forage production in wet periods increased from 747 to 1968 kg per hectare which shows an increase of about seven times.
Maryam Azarakhshi; Behnoush Farokhzadeh; Mohammad Mahdavi; Hossein Arzani; Hassan Ahmadi
Abstract
Iran is located in dry belt of the earth and always involved with drought in different sections. Drought has already caused many losses to natural plant cover, agriculture and human society. For drought monitoring, we can use some drought indecies. In this research, the Standard Index of Annual Precipitation)SIAP),Sandardized ...
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Iran is located in dry belt of the earth and always involved with drought in different sections. Drought has already caused many losses to natural plant cover, agriculture and human society. For drought monitoring, we can use some drought indecies. In this research, the Standard Index of Annual Precipitation)SIAP),Sandardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) were used for assessment of drought effects on rangeland plant production. The research area is located in Qom province that contains eight rangeland sites. Plant production and soil factors were measured in rangeland readiness period from 1997-1998 to 2005-2006 annualy. Regression techniques were used between drought indices and total production and also production of different vegetation forms in seven time scales (early March to late July (growth season) and early February to late July (growth season and the previous month), March to June, March to May, March to April and March (start of growth season). The best drought index was then selected based on the highest correlation coefficient and lowest standard error. The result showed that the best drought indices in Qom rangelands are SPI-3, PDSI, SPI-24 and SPI-6, respectively. Also the most significant time step was resulted growth season and specially early stage of growth season.
