Somayeh Taheri; Hasan Ahmadi; Jamal Ghodousi; ُSadat Feiznia; Shahram Khalighi Sigaroudi; Mohamad Hossein Ramesht
Abstract
subsidence in urban areas poses significant risks to infrastructure, including buildings, roads, railways, pipelines, sewage systems, and wells. Therefore, assessing its potential is crucial. This study models the subsidence risk in Karaj city using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Weight ...
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subsidence in urban areas poses significant risks to infrastructure, including buildings, roads, railways, pipelines, sewage systems, and wells. Therefore, assessing its potential is crucial. This study models the subsidence risk in Karaj city using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Weight of Evidence (WoE) model. To achieve this, we created maps of factors influencing subsidence, such as slope, alluvial thickness, groundwater fluctuations, aquifer layering, particle size, and permeability. These maps were then compared with recorded subsidence data to determine the weight of each factor's influence. By integrating the effects of these factors, a Subsidence Index (SI) map was generated and categorized using the Success Rate Curve (SRC), identifying five sensitivity zones from very sensitive to very low sensitivity. The effectiveness of the WoE model was evaluated, revealing that the subsidence sensitivity prediction map covers 93.64% of actual occurrences. Results indicated that aquifer layering positively influences subsidence development, with the highest impact arising from alluvial deposits with good permeability and fine particles. This factor, with a weight of 3.72, demonstrates significant influence among all evaluated parameters. In terms of thickness, the most significant subsidence occurred in alluvial deposits exceeding 200 meters. Areas experiencing groundwater level declines of over half a meter annually markedly contributed to subsidence. Additionally, slopes of less than two degrees were identified as the most susceptible to subsidence. Thus, while many areas in Karaj are relatively safe, the threat is notably higher in the southern and southwestern parts, requiring special attention in urban management.
Maryam sadat Jaafarzadeh; Ali Haghizadeh; Iraj Vayskarami
Abstract
Agriculture is not only the largest user of groundwater resources throughout the world but also its economy is highly dependent on these sources. Thanks to having more effective parameters and subsequently more accurate results, the classification methods in many fields, such as sustainable agriculture ...
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Agriculture is not only the largest user of groundwater resources throughout the world but also its economy is highly dependent on these sources. Thanks to having more effective parameters and subsequently more accurate results, the classification methods in many fields, such as sustainable agriculture has been taken into consideration. Discriminant analysis models are more complex, more accurate and more efficient in comparison to modern methods. In current study, the areas with infiltration potential located in some parts of Khomein, Shazand, Azna, Aligudarz and Durood areas (Marboreh watershed) were went under investigation using the mixture discriminant analysis (MDA) model. For this purpose, the infiltration samples gathered by double ring test, with the environment-effecting layers on infiltration, were prepared and then introduced to R_studio, employed to run MDA. In order to assess the results, validation indices (ROC curve, CCI, TSS, Recall and Precision indices) were used. According to the results, 6.2, 6.1, 12.7, 13.3 and 15.9% of areas of Shazand, Khomein, Durood, Azna and Aligodarz respectively lie in highly potential infiltration, whereas 1.1 16.5, 14.3, 19.6 and 10.8% of those areas were found to have extremely potential infiltration. Most of these areas have sandy soil texture and Quaternary formations with agricultural and range land uses. The accuracy indices that obtained as 0.89%, 76.66, 0.53, 0.91% and 0.73%, witnessing the acceptance and excellence of model performance. The results of this study can be useful in the decision-making for managers and planners regarding to the groundwater recharge in accordance with urban and agricultural needs, because groundwater resources and ensuring their stability are the main factors for sustainable agriculture.
maryam mombeni; hamid reza asgari; ali Mohammadian Behbahani; Salman Zare; hossein yousefi
Abstract
One of the main challenges of land degradation management in arid and desert areas of Iran is the stabilization of sand as well as the control of dust; therefore the use of mulches, particularly eco-friendly mulch, is one of the ways to stabilize sand used. The purpose of this study was to investigate ...
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One of the main challenges of land degradation management in arid and desert areas of Iran is the stabilization of sand as well as the control of dust; therefore the use of mulches, particularly eco-friendly mulch, is one of the ways to stabilize sand used. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of using residues such as black liqueur and malass as mulch to stabilize the sand. To prepare the substrate for treatments in the laboratory environment, Rig Boland sandy of Kashan was used. Metal trays with dimensions of 100 × 30 × 2 cm were used for the experiments. For spraying of malass, black liquor and control treatments in a single layer and double layer of 2.5-liter sprinkler were applied and a completely randomized design with three replications was performed. To evaluate the performance of these materials, the shear strength, saturation, and dry strength and water permeability were measured and the data were analyzed by appropriate statistical software. In vitro results showed that the penetration resistance of molasses and black liqueur mulches were 9.8 and 7.8 kN/m2, respectively. These two types of mulch have significant differences with each other and with control (water) treatment. The highest penetration and shear strength were related to Malass treatment, which increased the penetration resistance by 9.8 times and the shear resistance by 14 times. The infiltration rate in one-layer liqueur mulch was significantly different compared to Malass and control (water) mulches, while the infiltration rate decreased with increasing thickness.
Reza Yari; Esfandiar Jahantab; Gholam Ali Heshmati
Abstract
Given the importance of having data on vegetation and soil in different geographical aspect, the aim of this study is the assessment the geographical aspect's impact on Functional Potential and soil surface indicators in Chhar-Bagh Summer Rangeland, Golestan province. For the study used the method Landscape ...
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Given the importance of having data on vegetation and soil in different geographical aspect, the aim of this study is the assessment the geographical aspect's impact on Functional Potential and soil surface indicators in Chhar-Bagh Summer Rangeland, Golestan province. For the study used the method Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) and main Geographical aspect. For this purpose, in the four main geographical aspect, three transects 100,m were established and along the transects type, length and width patches and interpatches were measured. To calculate the Functional Potential (Soil Stability, Infiltration and Nutrient Cycling and and Vegetation Organization Index). To investigate the functional significance potential of SAS Software and ANOVA, for mean potential functional classification of Duncan Test used. To investigate the soil surface along each transect, 5 plots and 11 indicators way quality and using the scoring tables and to check the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. To investigate the significance Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test and classification of soil surface indicators grouped Duncan test was used. The results showed a significant difference between the functional potential in different geographical aspects (P> 0.05), So that the highest percentage of functional potential to the north and lowest in the East was estimated. Vegetation organization index for geographical aspects North, South, East and west were respectively 0.53, 0.43, 0.38 and 0.51. The results showed that except cryptogam cover and Micro-topography indexes, all indicators were significant in different geographical aspects (P> 0.05).
Mansureh Kargar; Zeinab Jafarian; Mohadeseh Ehsani
Abstract
For the scientific and accurate management of rangeland ecosystems, having information about ecosystem as indicators of ecosystem health and function is needed. The aim of this research is to study the effects of grazing on soil surface indicators and rangeland functional properties by using Landscape ...
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For the scientific and accurate management of rangeland ecosystems, having information about ecosystem as indicators of ecosystem health and function is needed. The aim of this research is to study the effects of grazing on soil surface indicators and rangeland functional properties by using Landscape Functional Analysis (LFA) method. For this purpose, the present study was conducted in two regions, including the enclosure and outside the enclosure, Donna rangelands of Siah Bisheh watershed. Systematic sampling was carried out by three 100 m transects with 100 m interval. Along each transect, ten 1m2 plots with 10 m interval were placed. In order to compare triple indices including infiltration, stability and nutrient cycling in two regions of the enclosure and outside the enclosure, the independent T test was employed in this study. The results showed that there are significant differences among soil surface indicators except soil surface cover, perennial plants, trees and shrubs canopy, surface roughness and erosion type and severity (P < 0.05). Therefore, there are significant differences among three functional attributes of rangeland in these study regions.
mohsen padyab; Sadat Feiznia; Hasan Ahmadi; Ardeshir Shafei
Abstract
Evaluation of changes present in soil and water resources due to operation implement of floodwater spreading is necessary to assess their positive or negative resultant effect. Rate of the internal sediment to diversion spreader channels, surface sedimentation and aggregation of the spreading field depth ...
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Evaluation of changes present in soil and water resources due to operation implement of floodwater spreading is necessary to assess their positive or negative resultant effect. Rate of the internal sediment to diversion spreader channels, surface sedimentation and aggregation of the spreading field depth are most important effective attributes on the yield of floodwater spreading systems. These factors can change physical and chemical properties of studied field, as, by measuring of the infiltrate depth sedimentation of can achieve influencing depth of floodwater. To determine the effect of flooding spread on the sediment infiltrate rate in the field depth of Gachsaran floodwater spreading, from 0-15, 30-15, 30-45 and 45-60cm of the soil surface of spreading field and control were sampled. Granulometry of all samples was done using dry sieve and hydrometric analysis and then percent of the sediment grains with size of less than two millimeters were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) by Duncan t-student test for 80 sampled samples. Results showed that deep entering of the sediments into drilled profiles to 30-45cm was completely distinct which can affect on the soil physical and mechanical properties. However, after the 30-45cm depth, the impact of floodwater spreading was minimal. The infiltration of each studied layer is the most important feature which will change from surface to the depth of spreading belts, so that by increasing infiltrated fine particles in the depth and blocking pores, the soil layers are clogged and in result reduce the infiltration rate, sharply. This state was more remarkable in the spreader belts surface. Furthermore, by depositing the sediments in the surface (0-15cm depth), an impermeable and earthen layer is created which prevent from infiltrate the particles and even water into soil depth. Generally, with determine of the deposited sediment level in the spreading belts and also its deep infiltrate rate can provide effective and practical decision to improve efficiency and easy maintenance of the floodwater spreading systems or even not use this method.
Fariba Alavizadeh; Kamalledin Naseri; Ali Golkarian; Ali Tavili
Abstract
Soil erosion is a main hazard in most area of the country specially in arid and semi-arid regions and itis very important because of sedimentation, pollution, increased flooding and its negative effects onsoil productivity. One of the features of arid and semi-arid areas is the presence of low cover ...
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Soil erosion is a main hazard in most area of the country specially in arid and semi-arid regions and itis very important because of sedimentation, pollution, increased flooding and its negative effects onsoil productivity. One of the features of arid and semi-arid areas is the presence of low cover ofvascular plants. These empty spaces are usually good niches for biological soil crusts or cryptogamslike mosses. These crusts contribute to a variety of ecological functions and have different effects onsoil features and vascular plants. The present study was carried out in the rangelands of Torogh dambasin of Khorasan- Razavi province in order to find the effects of such kind of plants (mosses) onwater erosion. For this purpose, artificial runoff streams in plots with two intensity (low and high) for30 minutes. In order to study the effects of different amount of mosses on sedimentation and specificerosion, four different density of mosses in the same experimental situation were studied: high (60-75% of plot), medium (35-50% of plot), low (10-20% of plot) and control (0%). The results ofanalysis of variance and tukey method by the use of Minitab software showed a significant differencein 95% level between the four considered density of mosses and the two intensity of water. As mossesdensity decrease, sedimentation and specific erosion increased consequently. But there were nosignificant differences in infiltration between the different treatments.
Asghar Mosleh Arani; Hamidreza Azimzadeh
Abstract
Plant cover is one of the most important factors affecting infiltration rate of water into the soil and decreasing runoff. Distribution of plants in arid and semi-arid areas is almost patchy and form different patterns. One of the fascinating patterns is ring-shaped growth pattern. Ring patterns of varying ...
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Plant cover is one of the most important factors affecting infiltration rate of water into the soil and decreasing runoff. Distribution of plants in arid and semi-arid areas is almost patchy and form different patterns. One of the fascinating patterns is ring-shaped growth pattern. Ring patterns of varying size are formed by clonally reproducing grasses, sedges and even shrubs growing in resource-limited (water and nutrient) environments. Study on the role of ring pattern in infiltration rate is lacking. In this study infiltration rate was compared between ring patterns formed by Iris songarica and Scripoides holoschoenus and soil without plant cover (bare soil). Infiltration rate was measured by double ring in different time interval until infiltration was constant. Infiltration models efficiency were analyzed by calculation Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient. Result from paired T test analysis showed that infiltration rate was significantly different between two plants and also with bare soil (p
N. Noura; A. Kabir
Volume 62, Issue 1 , June 2009, , Pages 153-166
Abstract
In this paper the utilization of GIS for the parameterization of rainfall- runoff process, physically based hydrological model components is described. The hytrogeneity of soil and vegetation in a catchment can be expressed with distribution functions of infiltration and soil storage capacities which ...
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In this paper the utilization of GIS for the parameterization of rainfall- runoff process, physically based hydrological model components is described. The hytrogeneity of soil and vegetation in a catchment can be expressed with distribution functions of infiltration and soil storage capacities which derived efficiently by an overlay of a soil map with land use characteristics. These distribution functions are used to consider the non-linear distribution of actual saturation within a catchment with regard to their impacts on generation of excess rainfall and deep percolation during a storm event. The newly developed infiltration model components and its parametrization by GIS was successfully applied to Kechik catchment. To obtain the nesessory information a simple digital soil map of the catchment was constructed by discretizing the watershed into 1×1 km2 grid cells, and combined with the land use classification to estimate for each cell in a soil texture class the areal distribution function of infiltration model parameters consist of surface soil moisture content, maximum and minimum infiltration capacity rate (Sm, fo, fc), coefficients of model (K1, K2, K3 & K4) and excess rainfall. The results of the model application are shown that the rainfall-effective runoff relationships during storm events in catchment, by application of GIS technology, a new generation of hydrological model for micro and macro scale can be developed under consideration of catchment characteristics and their spatial heterogeneity.
