v Payravand; ali Salajegheh; mohamad Mahdavi; mohamad ali Zare Chahouki
Volume 63, Issue 2 , September 2010, Pages 131-18
Abstract
One of the most appropriate approaches for flood forecasting is using peak discharge data of hydrometric stations in each region. However, lack of such stations or short duration of data in most parts of the country, make it necessary to use some alternative methods in order to estimate the flood discharge ...
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One of the most appropriate approaches for flood forecasting is using peak discharge data of hydrometric stations in each region. However, lack of such stations or short duration of data in most parts of the country, make it necessary to use some alternative methods in order to estimate the flood discharge properly. One of these approaches is regional flood analysis method that in a region using observation discharge data in separate points, it calculates relevant regional flood models. These approaches give us possibility at a region without gauging station with similar and homogenous hydrological condition to estimate flood discharge for different return periods with acceptable accuracy. In this research three methods of regional flood analysis including index flood, multivariate regression and hybrid method were considered in 20 watersheds of central Alborz region. After taking into account, the hypothesis and limitations of each method, the results were compared with observed flood discharges using RMSE and MBE. Considering the hypothesis and validation of multiple regression model indicated it is not appropriate. Finally Index Flood method in return periods of 2, 5 and 10 years and hybrid method in return periods of 50 and 100 years proved higher accuracy in the whole region and no difference between these two methods in return period of 25 were shown.
s.h Parvari Asl1; ahmad Pahlavanravi; ali reza Moghaddam Nia
Volume 63, Issue 2 , September 2010, Pages 149-16
Abstract
Desertification is the consequence of series of processes in which climate change and human activities are more important factors than others. Arid and semi-arid areas have occupied most parts of Iran. Sistan region is one of arid areas of Iran where wind erosion is an important factor of land degradation ...
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Desertification is the consequence of series of processes in which climate change and human activities are more important factors than others. Arid and semi-arid areas have occupied most parts of Iran. Sistan region is one of arid areas of Iran where wind erosion is an important factor of land degradation and soil deterioration. For classification of desertification intensity, several methods have been proposed so far. ESAs Model is on of the best and recent methodologies introduced by the European Commission in 1999 and evaluated by most of European as well as Middle Eastern countries. ESAs has more advantageous than other methods because of its accuracy, particular weighing of layers, use of geographical information systems in overlaying of maps, use of geometric mean over arithmetic one or sum in computing indices and final desertification map. The method was chosen to monitor desertification in the study area. The factors which affect on desertification were evaluated based on the related tables. According to the conditions of the study area, it was found that four factors including vegetation cover, soil, climate and land use management are the most important desertification factors. The results showed that climate play vital role in land degradation and desertification. Based on the results of it is found that the study area has critical conditions. It includes high critical (C3), moderate critical (C2) and low critical (C1) classes of desertification which cover 68%, less than 1% and 31% of the region, respectively.
s.m Hoseini; M.R Ekhtesasi; A.R Shahriyari; H Shafiei
Volume 63, Issue 2 , September 2010, Pages 165-18
Abstract
Sistan plain is affected by desertification and this phenomenon has serious impacts on roads and socio- economic activities of local people of this region. The main purpose of this study is estimating the current and potential desertification intensity of Niatak region of Sistan based on MICD method. ...
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Sistan plain is affected by desertification and this phenomenon has serious impacts on roads and socio- economic activities of local people of this region. The main purpose of this study is estimating the current and potential desertification intensity of Niatak region of Sistan based on MICD method. That, through it the working units of this region were prepared as the base map for evaluating to consider the factors and indices by geomorphology method. Also, in order to prepare the desertification intensity condition for both current and potential situations of this region, the desertification intensity of various applications was determined and relative plans to current and potential desertification of each land use were prepared after evaluating wind erosion indices and accumulating their scores for each working unit based on reference tables. The results showed that in this region the desertification potential consists of medium (III), intensive (IV) and very intensive (V) classes, while current desertification condition includes low (II), medium (III) and intensive (IV) classes of desertification intensity, respectively. These variations were resulted by wind erosion control activities over recent years.
S.M Heshmatol Vaezin; S Ghanbari; ALI Tavili
Volume 63, Issue 2 , September 2010, Pages 183-14
Abstract
Eremurus and forage are main by-products in the Khazangah rangelands of Makoo region. Eremurus is harvested and used by local people in a period of 30 days during the spring in this region. At this study, Eremurus and forage have been evaluated financially and the data were obtained through field work ...
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Eremurus and forage are main by-products in the Khazangah rangelands of Makoo region. Eremurus is harvested and used by local people in a period of 30 days during the spring in this region. At this study, Eremurus and forage have been evaluated financially and the data were obtained through field work using unstructured interviews as well as direct observation. The harvested Eremurus value was estimated based on harvest costs and by means of market price. The data were analyzed through financial evaluation, annual present net value and infinite present net value or expected value. The results showed that gross revenue, economical rent and economical benefit per household were 4564 and 348 thousand Rials/yr, respectively. The amount of net benefit through harvested Eremurus was also 16748 thousand Rials/ha/yr. The Rangeland Expectation Value per hectare was estimated 670 thousand Rials/yr and 10.5 million Rials/yr from Eremurus and feed, respectively. Total Rangeland Expectation Value per hectare was estimated 11.17 Thousand Rials while the ratio of Rangeland Expectation Value of Eremurus to Total Rangeland Expectation Value was computed 6 percent. The rangelands of this region have much more products. Among them forage and Eremurus have been considered at this study. These products play a main role in local economy of the region.
M.A Hakimzadeh Ardakani; M Esfandiari; A Mosleh Arani; H Malekinezhad
Volume 63, Issue 2 , September 2010, Pages 197-10
Abstract
The use of saline groundwater resources, in addition to save fresh water, could be used in production of forage in saline soils. In order to do it, the area in northern Ardakan, Yazd province with saline ground water (EC= 11.25ds/m, SAR= 16.7) and saline and alkaline soil (EC=27.3ds/m, ESP= 30.2%) was ...
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The use of saline groundwater resources, in addition to save fresh water, could be used in production of forage in saline soils. In order to do it, the area in northern Ardakan, Yazd province with saline ground water (EC= 11.25ds/m, SAR= 16.7) and saline and alkaline soil (EC=27.3ds/m, ESP= 30.2%) was selected for planting of Atriplelentiformis, Seidlitzia rosemarinus, and Nitraria schoberi. The seeds of plants were collected from different areas of Yazd province, and were planted in nylon pots in greenhouse and transplanted as split plot statistical design in the field after one month. Based on the potential evapotranspiration of the region, the plants were irrigated as furrow design with leaching fraction (LF) = 0.3, and in 10 and 20 days intervals. After six months, plants were cut from near the soil surface and dried in oven at 60 °C for 72 hours. The dry matter of each plant weighted and analyzed statistically. The results indicated that there are some significant differences between dry matter of plants and the irrigation periods. Among plants, Atriplex lentiformis, with ten days period of irrigation had the best yield in this experiment. In addition, LF of 0.3 could decrease the salinity of the surface soil layers. This reduction was higher than in ten days period of irrigation.
