payam ebrahimi; Ali Salajegheh; Mohsen Mohseni Saravi; Arash Malekian; Amir Sadoddin
Abstract
One of the important criteria for quality of life is the health of the watershed. Researches in this field show that in Iran, a model for assessing the health of the watershed is not prepared. So, In this study, using the statistical data of 27 years (1990-2016) 5 environmental variables in the Taleghan ...
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One of the important criteria for quality of life is the health of the watershed. Researches in this field show that in Iran, a model for assessing the health of the watershed is not prepared. So, In this study, using the statistical data of 27 years (1990-2016) 5 environmental variables in the Taleghan watershed in the province of Alborz is estimated using gene expression and Bayesian network techniques. By using the gene expression programming and the Bayesian network of each variable, the years from 1991 to 2006 selected as a training data and 2006 to 2014 as test data, and from 2014 to 2016 selected as validation period (predictive accuracy). In comparison, the estimation accuracy of the gene expression and Bayesian network, the mean correlation values of 5 variables are 0.87 and 0.78, respectively. In the case of the gene expression model, the values of the coefficient of determination in the training section were: 0.87 for discharge, sediment, 0.92, precipitation, 89.9, temperature 0.91 and evaporation 0.77, and also in the Bayesian network, the values were 0.73, 0.88, 0.78, 0.71 and 0.81. The amount of gene expression scheduling will have a high power in simulating future values, given the generation of a generation of 200,000 times. The results of this study indicate that the health state of the watershed with a score of 8 in 2016 has advanced cancer status, and according to the results of the model in 2017, it can be in the recurrence of cancer.
Abazar Esmaili; Mohammad Golshan
Abstract
Watersheds are a vast area with different conditions that simulation and studying the processes of runoff and sediment production in these area are critical for managing and maintaining resources. The Kozatopraghi watershed with an area of 766 km2 is located in the south and upstream of the Garesou basin, ...
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Watersheds are a vast area with different conditions that simulation and studying the processes of runoff and sediment production in these area are critical for managing and maintaining resources. The Kozatopraghi watershed with an area of 766 km2 is located in the south and upstream of the Garesou basin, Ardebil province. Between the hydrological models, based on the capabilities of the SWAT model, this model was used to simulate the hydrological processes of the area in sub watershed scale. Also, for a more accurate examination the rainfall simulator was used in the hydrologic response units (HRUs), the obtained results were generalized to the sub watershed scale. The results of SWAT model were assessment with statistical parameters R2, NSE and RMSE. In the calibration and validation periods these coefficients for simulation runoff obtained 0.8-0.74, 0.71-0.69 and 0.32-0.33, respectively, and for simulation sediment yield obtained 0.75-0.66, 0.72-0.64 and 35.27-26.39, respectively. Assessment the obtained results of rainfall simulator showed that Loamy soils, located in 8 HRUs have high effect in sediment yield production. The maximum runoff and sediment yield by rainfall simulator and SWAT model were observed in sub watersheds 13 and 1, that indicating poor and inappropriate conditions in these subwatersheds. Comparing the study methods showed that the SWAT model have better performance than rainfall simulator for simulation runoff. Also, the estimated sediment yield by this model is lower than rainfall simulator that is close to observed values.
Reza Omidipour; Ataollah Ebrahimi; Pejman Tahmasebi; Marzban Faramarzi
Abstract
Vegetation canopy cover (VCC) and Above-Ground Phytomass (AGP) are the most important indicators of rangeland ecosystem’s structure and function, therefore their accurate evaluation and monitoring is vital for ecosystem welfare. Vegetation indices, are essential tools for assessing and monitoring ...
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Vegetation canopy cover (VCC) and Above-Ground Phytomass (AGP) are the most important indicators of rangeland ecosystem’s structure and function, therefore their accurate evaluation and monitoring is vital for ecosystem welfare. Vegetation indices, are essential tools for assessing and monitoring VCC and AGP which have not been addressed under different managerial conditions, so far. In the present study, the effect of long-term grazing and enclosure (26-year) on the relationship between the VCC and AGP with vegetation indices were evaluated in the Sabzkouh protected area of ChaharmahalVaBkhtiari province using Landsat-8 images. VCC and AGP were evaluated in both grazed and enclosed area by 10 plots of 30*30-m in each of which three quadrates of 2×2 square meters were applied (totally 60 quadrates) in the June, 2016. The results indicate significant differences between grazed and enclosed areas in terms of VCC (57% and 46 respectively) and AGP (with 1656 and 1011 kg per hectare, respectively). The soil adjusted vegetation indices show a more significant prediction of VCC in enclosed and grazed areas (TSAVI1=0.828 and PVI3=0.884, respectively). The PVI2 index showed appropriate results for estimating AGP in both enclosed (R2=0.726) and grazed (R2=0.698) areas. The improved performance of these indies is mainly due to the adjustment of soil effects. Our results suggest that grazing caused a significant effect on the relationship between VCC and AGP with vegetation indices due to feasible changes in vegetation structure or composition. Therefore, using different indices is necessary to study and monitor different rangelands under management strategies.
Saeedeh Khaghani; Hossein Azarnivand; Mohammad Jafari; Abdollah Mollafilabi; Ali tavili
Abstract
This experiment was conducted as a split-plot factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the medicinal plants' farm of Islamic Azad University in 2017. In this experiment, water stress was considered as the main factor in four levels of irrigation including 100%, ...
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This experiment was conducted as a split-plot factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the medicinal plants' farm of Islamic Azad University in 2017. In this experiment, water stress was considered as the main factor in four levels of irrigation including 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of the plant water requirement in the main plots. In addition, the application of different levels of zeolite (including no application of zeolite, two, four, six tons per hectare), as well as application of salicylic acid at two levels (0.5 and 1 mM) were considered as secondary factors in the form of factorial on subsidiary plots. The results showed that the effect of different levels of water stress on the traits such as plant height, number of lateral branches, plant wet weight, leaf area index, number of flowers in inflorescence was significant at 1% and on plant dry weight was significant at 5%. Salicylic acid application was also significant on some traits such as flower number in inflorescence, leaf area and dry weight at the probability level of 1%, and on plant volume and wet weight at 5% level. In addition, the effect of different levels of zeolite application was significant on plant height, number of lateral branches, wet weight, dry weight, leaf area index, number of flower in inflorescence at 1% level.
Morteza Khodagholi; Razieh Saboohi; mina bayat; Javad Motamedi
Abstract
For the experiment, at the beginning of each growing season, an adult Naiini sheep (3-4 years old) was used as representative of the herd and used in annual censuses. Grazing time measurement continued at the beginning of the growing season and during the four growth stages. Census time at each growth ...
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For the experiment, at the beginning of each growing season, an adult Naiini sheep (3-4 years old) was used as representative of the herd and used in annual censuses. Grazing time measurement continued at the beginning of the growing season and during the four growth stages. Census time at each growth stage was performed one hour after daily grazing, and in three continuous 20-min periods (repeat experiment). Considering the time of concentration of the animal and the tendency of the animal to different species, the palatability class of each plant species was determined. The results showed that during all the years under study, grazing concentration of Naiini sheep on annual species (Grass and Forbes), litter, Stachys inflata, Artemisia sieberi, Stipa arabica, Noaea mucronata and Hertia angustifolia was observed. Based on the results, annual and litter species were classified as Class І species, Stachys inflata as Class II plant and Artemisia sieberi, Stipa arabica, Noaea mucronata and Hertia angustifolia as Class Ш species. The results showed that the palatability of the species was not the same as the change in plant composition during the growing season. Therefore, it is incorrect to consider the same palatability class for each species at different stages of development, and it is necessary to pay more attention to the description of pasture design services when calculating grazing capacity.
Golnaz Kheradmand; Ali Ariapour; Hamidreza Mehrabi
Abstract
Honey bee husbandry is one of the multipurpose uses of rangelands that it affects by biotic and abiotic factors that investigated in this study for Sarab-Sefid rangeland of Borujerd County. To evaluation of honey bee husbandry suitability used FAO model include four main model plant cover, weather, topography ...
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Honey bee husbandry is one of the multipurpose uses of rangelands that it affects by biotic and abiotic factors that investigated in this study for Sarab-Sefid rangeland of Borujerd County. To evaluation of honey bee husbandry suitability used FAO model include four main model plant cover, weather, topography and distance. Four categories used such as S1 (Suitable), S2 (medium Suitable), S3 (low Suitable) and N (None Suitable). Results show that there is no suitable in April for honey bee husbandry in any part of the area. Also according to mountainous and cold weather in spring and summer subsequently short time to plants growth and according to more grasses families of plants whole area was not in class S1. Honey bee husbandry model in April-May it falls in S3 and N classes with 1152.67 (19.66%) and 4711.76 (80.43%) hec respectively. In May-June months 883.42 (15.06%), 2002.86 (34.15%) and 2978.15 (50.79%) hec falls in S2, S3 and N classes respectively. This result was obtained for June-July so that 799.81 (15.06%), 2437.79 41.57%) and 2626.81 (43.37%) hec falls in S2, S3 and N classes respectively and for July-August-September 799.81 (15.06%) hec in S2 class, 2554.54 (43.56%) hec in S3 and 2509.65 (41.38%) hec fall in N class. Consequently, best time to honey bee husbandry is May to September months.
Emad Zakeri; Hamidreza karimzadeh; Seyed Alireza Mousavi; mohammad ghorbani
Abstract
Rangelands provide a diverse array of vital services that pertain to human life. But market failure to consider the value of these ecosystem services has disturbed provision of many ecosystem services. In this study the economic value of water conservation functions by Arnaveh basin located in northwestern ...
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Rangelands provide a diverse array of vital services that pertain to human life. But market failure to consider the value of these ecosystem services has disturbed provision of many ecosystem services. In this study the economic value of water conservation functions by Arnaveh basin located in northwestern Iran was estimated. Rainfall-runoff simulation was carried out by using Curve Number (CN) method. Also by means of Replacement Cost method the value of the hydrological services were quantified. The role of vegetation cover in water conservation was estimated by comparing the surface runoff under current condition and uncovered soil conditions. Moreover the role of rangelands on water retention and surface runoff reduction by devising three more hypothetical scenarios and then the effects of land use changes associated with these scenarios on rainfall-runoff rate of the region were compared. Results showed that the role of rangelands vegetation cover in water conservation and surface runoff reduction was 7.19×106 m3, with the economic value of 123×109 IRR. Also, the results of a comparing between 3 hypothetical scenarios and current conditions showed that, under the case of scenario one which assumes that the entire of rangelands area is becoming to rain-fed farming, total outflow would be in the maximum amount and the most negative effects will accrue. Also the scenarios of improvement of vegetation cover to 25-50 percent has the most positive effects (1.95×106 m3 yr-1 decrease) on water retention. The results of this study could help decision-makers in selecting appropriate and economically feasible development strategies.
Asghar Rahmani; Fereydoon Sarmadian; Sayed Roholla Mousavi; Seyyed Erfan Khamoshi
Abstract
Conventional soil mapping is related to High density sampling, affected by scale and expert knowledge So using of new data mining methods in digital soil properties mapping was the main aim of this study for resolving conventional soil survey problems. In this research, 62 surface soil samples based ...
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Conventional soil mapping is related to High density sampling, affected by scale and expert knowledge So using of new data mining methods in digital soil properties mapping was the main aim of this study for resolving conventional soil survey problems. In this research, 62 surface soil samples based on regular grid and expert knowledge opinion were selected after that soil organic carbon(SOC), clay content and CaCO3 were determined in some part of Dryland Kuhin region with area of 372 ha. Data sets were divided to two 80%(calibration) and 20%(validation), respectively. From digital elevation model with 10-meter spatial resolution were derived 19 geomorphometric attribute in SAGA GIS software. Three geomorphometric covariate included TPI, TRI, DEM and landform map unit were chosen PCA and expert knowledge. RStudio and SoLIM Solution software were used for random forest (RF) and fuzzy logic modelling, respectively. The RF modelling results show that for SOC, clay and CaCO3 based on determination coefficient (R2) had 0.63,0.75,0.63 and RMSE 0.17,7.5,5.77 percentage and for SoLIM method revealed that R2 0.47,0.42,0.42 and RMSE 0.2,8.08,4.68 percentage, respectively. Generally, the RF model with creating nonlinear relationship among soil properties and environmental covariate can predicted digital map with appropriate precision for management and sustainable land utilization
Mehrnoosh Ghadimi; sasan zangenetabar
Abstract
One important approach in the management of karst water resources is mapping of karstic aquifers. Vulnerability mapping enables identification of the groundwater resources that are subjected to contamination. The Gilangharb karst aquifer as part of the folded Zagros zone feeds the Gilangharb karstic ...
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One important approach in the management of karst water resources is mapping of karstic aquifers. Vulnerability mapping enables identification of the groundwater resources that are subjected to contamination. The Gilangharb karst aquifer as part of the folded Zagros zone feeds the Gilangharb karstic aquifer. Field visits and examination of chemical properties of the Gilangharb spring all confirm the karstic nature of the study area. In this study, in order to evaluate the vulnerability of the Gilangharb karstic aquifer, the EPIK method consisting of four layers of E (epikarst), P (protective coating), I (penetration) and K (karst network) and also the KDI method based on land use were employed. The former method is one of the inherent vulnerability methods developed especially for the karst areas based on different weight and ranking parameters. After executing the model and preparing the vulnerability map, the EPIK index was calculated between 12 and 26. The spatial distribution of the final vulnerability map classes from the EPIK model shows that 14.24, 14.56, 47.17 and 24.03% of the study area, is located in the low, medium, high and very high vulnerability zones, respectively. According to this map, about 71% of the study area shows high and very high vulnerability indicating high vulnerability of this aquifer. According to the results of the KDI method, 7.54%, 9.49%, 2.9%, 77.89% and 2.18% of the study area had high, medium, low, very low and intact, respectively that shows low vulnerability of the Gilangharb karstic aquifer.
Zakieh Safarpour; Jalil Farzadmehr; Ali Golkarian; Mahdi Bashiri
Abstract
Landslide is one of significant mass movement which causes normous annual human and sesmic region. Therefore, finding hazardous areas for planning and management of them is necessary. So, in this reasearch, occurred landslide in watershed region of bidvaz dam which has area of 161 square kilometers and ...
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Landslide is one of significant mass movement which causes normous annual human and sesmic region. Therefore, finding hazardous areas for planning and management of them is necessary. So, in this reasearch, occurred landslide in watershed region of bidvaz dam which has area of 161 square kilometers and 125 landsliding points are surveyed in different hydrological conditions by index model of slope stability. For specified slopes, graiding test was done and geotechnical parameters were attained. Then, by using Arc view and Arc GIS packages and calibrating parameters in SINMAP and incorporating the geotechnical and hydrological parameters with digital elevation model, SINMAP was conducted. After that, validation was done in two common and high hydrological conditions including rainfalls with a return period of 2-10 years and 20-50 years Respectively. Results showed that the performance of model in simulation of landslides is not appropriate at common hydrological cases. However, increase in hudrological humidity condition, performance of model improves. In calibration and validation, prediction of model increase 21 % and 26 %, respectively. Therefore, utilizing SINMAP model in high hydrological humidity conditions can be useful for choosing dangerous ways according to the landslide map.
sahar ghafari; Ardavan Ghorbani; mehdi moameri; Raoof Mostafazadeh; Mahmood Bidar lord; Azad Kakemami
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of topographic, edaphic, climatic and landscape metrices on the distribution of plant communities in the altitude gradient of Moghan-Sabalan rangelands in Ardebil province. To determine and study the ecological species groups, 28 sites and 840 one ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of topographic, edaphic, climatic and landscape metrices on the distribution of plant communities in the altitude gradient of Moghan-Sabalan rangelands in Ardebil province. To determine and study the ecological species groups, 28 sites and 840 one square meter sampling plots were samples by the random systematic method. To determine soil factors, soil samples were collected from each site from 0–15 and 15-30 cm depth and physicochemical parameters were measured at the lab. Using TWINSPAN, vegetation of the study area was classified and then PCA and CCA were used to investigate the relationship between species and environmental factors. According to TWINSPAN results, four ecological groups were identified. The first ecological group is located in the opposite direction of elevation, slope, rainfall and patch area gradients, and the same direction with pH, clay and dispersible clay (the first depth), bulk density, edge density and patch area (coefficient of variation). The second and third ecological groups are located in the interfaces of the first and fourth ecological groups in terms of plant composition and environmental conditions. These two groups prefer the middle elevations. The fourth ecological group at the end of the elevation, rainfall, slope, patch area and inverse direction of clay and dispersible clay (the first depth) and typically prefer high altitudes and light texture soils.
Mohsen Farzin; Aliakbar Nazari Samani; saeideh menbari; sadat feiznia; gholamabbas kazemi
Abstract
This research tries to show the role and importance of karst formations in the infiltration of surface flows and recharge of groundwater resources in the region by determining the lineaments of geological formations in watersheds leading to the Persian Gulf and explaining the relative contribution of ...
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This research tries to show the role and importance of karst formations in the infiltration of surface flows and recharge of groundwater resources in the region by determining the lineaments of geological formations in watersheds leading to the Persian Gulf and explaining the relative contribution of each formation. For this purpose, The closest sub-basins to the Persian Gulf from the four basins of the rivers including Mond, Helleh, Kol-Mehran and Zohreh, to extract the lineaments, draw rose diagram and analyze them using ENVI® 5.3 software, PCI Geomatica, GIS10.3.1 and Rock works 2016 was selected. Initially, the frequency, density, intersection, direction, size and intensity of the lineaments in the formations of the region were determined. Then, by explaining and defining the lineament index, the importance and impact of each formation in the potential recharge of groundwater resources were determined. The results show that the highest percentage of frequency, intersection percentage and length of lineament are attributed to Asmari-Jahrom Formation and the highest percentage of Lineament intensity to Ilam-Sarvak Formation; the numerical value of the lineament intensity in the karst formations is three times as non-karstic formations. In general, the investigation of the condition of the lineament shows that the lineaments are basically created in the karst formations, so that the numerical value of the lineament index in the karst formations is 72.7, while the value in the non-karstic formations is 2.3. Furthermore, orientation of lineaments according to their frequency and length, in the whole range of study,
Kourosh Kamali; Gholamreza Zehtabian; TAYYEBEH MESBAHZADEH; Hosein Shahab Arkhazloo; Mahmood Arabkhedri; Alireza Moghaddam Nia
Abstract
The sustainability of soil, especially in fragile ecosystems, is an indispensable indicator of sustainable land management that depends on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. In order to study the soil sustainability in Semnan desert region of farms, gardens and rangelands as ...
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The sustainability of soil, especially in fragile ecosystems, is an indispensable indicator of sustainable land management that depends on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. In order to study the soil sustainability in Semnan desert region of farms, gardens and rangelands as arenas located on an educational farm with different irrigation administrations, the Sustainability Index (SI) and the Cumulative Ranting (CR9 &CR11) were used. Exploring the crust and sampling of surface and subsurface horizons of selected areas and measuring 12 important and effective characteristics of soil physical properties, the indices were calculated in each area and the effects of different types of land use on soil stability were investigated. The results showed that the SI in the surface layer of arable land due to the impact of cultivation and the positive role of organic matter was above one, and in the rest of the land was less than one which indicating the instability of the soil. According to the CR results, surface and subsurface layers of soil were not found in very stable and stable classes in the studied lands. The CR results also showed that the stability soil in the multi cultivates farm is a better condition, it may be due to its positive role in increasing soil correction factors compared to other lands. Correlation analysis of the indices showed that soil organic carbon, structural index, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio and mean weight diameter have a direct and more effective impact on soil sustainability.
javad Motamedi(torkan); Hossein Arzani; Mehdi Ghorbani
Abstract
More than 20 sheep breeds having different body size utilize various rangelands in different climate regions which the conversion coefficient of each breed compared to animal unit must be recognized. For this purpose, two herds were selected from each breed sheep grazing at the central region during ...
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More than 20 sheep breeds having different body size utilize various rangelands in different climate regions which the conversion coefficient of each breed compared to animal unit must be recognized. For this purpose, two herds were selected from each breed sheep grazing at the central region during 2001-2007. Among selected herds, 30 animals randomly weighted at various age and sex groups and at various grazing seasons. Mean weight of three and four years old sheep was considered as mature weight of each breed. Conversion coefficient of each breed to animal unit (animal unit equivalent) calculated from the ratio of metabolic weight ((live weight)0.75 to animal unit metabolic weight. According to the results, Naeeini breed classified as light body breeds, Zandi, Kermani and Varamini as medium body and Shaal as heavy body breeds. Equivalent animal unit for each breed to animal unit were 0.7, 0.86, 0.9, 0.97, 1.06 and 1.20. based on proposed conversion coefficient and using MAFF proposed equation, daily requirement of each breed at maintenance condition and at grazing condition were as 4.76, 5.85, 6.12, 6.60, 7.21 and 8.16 MJ per day. Results represent that considering to same forage amount as daily requirement of grazing sheep breed in rangelands in order to calculating grazing capacity, without considering their body size is not valid.
Maryam Malekmirzaei; AliAkbar Karimeian
Abstract
Exploitation and extraction of sub products of forests and rangelands have long been important to the human beings and today these products have economic, cultural and social roles in countries where there are forests and rangelands ecosystems, so that ignoring and not paying attention to it would bring ...
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Exploitation and extraction of sub products of forests and rangelands have long been important to the human beings and today these products have economic, cultural and social roles in countries where there are forests and rangelands ecosystems, so that ignoring and not paying attention to it would bring about irreparable problems for megacities. The purpose of the present study the impact of exploitation on the degradation of forests and rangelands is based on the attitude of the villagers.. Data collection included survey, stratified sampling with proportional allocation. 384 questionnaires were examined. The instrument- questionnaires- were validated by the experts and specialists. The reliability of that has been obtained by Cronbach's alpha (0.76). The statistical population included all the villages in Zarinabad with population around 6379 people, according to Morgan’s table 384 people were selected as statistical sample. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the harvests and the destruction sub products of forests and rangelands. The results also showed that villagers have a positive attitude toward the formation of public co – operatives (p<0.05). Results showed that the formation of cooperatives for utilization, training and supervision of experts to harvest sub product of forest and rangeland are positive and significant effect in reducing degradation of this resources (p<0.05). The results also showed that there is a significant difference between the utilization of forest and pasture sub-products and income, and poverty reduction from the average.
