Sasan Amini; Rafat Zare Bidaki; Rasoul Mirabbasi; Marym Shafaei
Abstract
In this study, we applied the vine copula structures for multivariate analysis of flood characteristics. For this purpose, the hydrographs of 98 flood events recorded at Landi station in Bazoft watershed, in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, were selected and the flood characteristics, including peak ...
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In this study, we applied the vine copula structures for multivariate analysis of flood characteristics. For this purpose, the hydrographs of 98 flood events recorded at Landi station in Bazoft watershed, in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, were selected and the flood characteristics, including peak flood (P), flood volume (V), flood duration (D) and time to peak (T) were extracted. Then, the best fitted distribution on each variable was selected by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In the next phase, the C-vine and D-vine structure were created considering three (P,V and T/D) and four variables (P,D,T and V) in changeable orders. In this way, the flood volume and peak were considered in a constant combination, and flood duration or the time to peak were consideredchangeable in tri-variate joints. In the four-variable joints, different combinations of all four variables were used. We used Gumbel, Frank, Joe, Clayton, Gaussian and t-student copula functions to combine these variables. The results obtained from the theoretical joint were compared with the experimental joint of that compound. Results showed that the best permutations of C-vine and D-vine copulas are similar in trivariate models TPV, (NSE=0.913), and the Gumbel and Gaussian copulas have selected as the best-fitted copula at the edges. In four-variate cases, the best C-vine and D-vine structures were PVTD and PTVD, (NSE=0.989) and the Gumbel and Gaussian were the abundant copulas in both of C-vine and D-vine models. The results indicated that the four-variate vine structures have higher concordance with the empirical copula than the tri-variate structures.
Mohammad Ansari Ghojghar; Masoud Pourgholam-Amiji; Shahab Araghinejad; Banafsheh Zahraie; Saman Razavi; Ali Salajegheh
Abstract
Due to the growing development of meta-models and their combination with optimization algorithms for modeling and predicting meteorological variables, in this research four metaheuristic optimization algorithms of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetics Algorithms (GA), Ant Colony Optimization for ...
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Due to the growing development of meta-models and their combination with optimization algorithms for modeling and predicting meteorological variables, in this research four metaheuristic optimization algorithms of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetics Algorithms (GA), Ant Colony Optimization for Continuous Domains (ACOR) and Differential Evolutionary (DE) were combined with the adaptive neural-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model. The performance of four combined models developed with ANFIS model to predict the Frequency variables of Dust Stormy Days (FDSD) on a seasonal scale in Khuzestan province in the southwest of Iran was evaluated. For this purpose, hourly dust data and codes of the Word Meteorological Organization were used on a seasonal scale with a statistical period of 40 years (1980-2019) in seven synoptic stations of Khuzestan province. The results of good fit indices in the training and testing phase showed that there is no significant difference between the ANFIS method and other combined models used. R and RMSE values of the best combined model (ANFIS-PSO) from 0.88 to 0.97 and 0.10 to 0.19, respectively, and in the ANFIS model from 0.83 to 0.94 and 0.11 to 21, respectively, were variable. The results also showed that the combination of optimization algorithms used with the ANFIS model does not significantly improve the results of the model compared to the individual ANFIS model.
Reza Badizadegan; Saeed Reza Khodashenas; Kazem Esmaili
Abstract
In this study SWMM software has been calibrated with real meteorological and hydrometric data at the North of Tehran basins and simulation parameters have been obtained. For this purpose, five rainfall events and runoff data related to these rainfalls, recorded at the outlet of Zargandeh catchment were ...
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In this study SWMM software has been calibrated with real meteorological and hydrometric data at the North of Tehran basins and simulation parameters have been obtained. For this purpose, five rainfall events and runoff data related to these rainfalls, recorded at the outlet of Zargandeh catchment were used. This model is calibrated with three events and verified with two other events. Also, in this simulation the peaks of flood, outflow hydrographs, runoff volumes and peak flood times is obtained. The root mean square error are obtained for outlet hydrographs for the first to fifth events were 0.05, 0.22, 0.4, 0.37 and 0.16, and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient are obtained 0.91, 0.94, 0.93, 0.9 and 0.94, respectively. Also, the percentage of difference of the flood discharge peak modeling and observations for first to fifth events are calculated 7.33%, 9.69%, 5.8%, 5.6% and 9.93% and for runoff volume, this percentage difference are calculated -8.82%, -3.08%, 8.8%, -19.43% and 5.11%, respectively. Based on these results, the performance and application of this model to simulate runoff in this area is acceptable and can be used to manage and control urban runoff.
Mohammad Chizari; seyede somaye Bathaiy; Hasan Sadighi; Amir Alambeigi
Abstract
The climate change phenomenon is considered as one of the important environmental challenges in the 21st century. The most impacts of this phenomenon are focused on industries and establishments such as agriculture and fishery that is depended on natural resources. Resilience considered as a practical ...
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The climate change phenomenon is considered as one of the important environmental challenges in the 21st century. The most impacts of this phenomenon are focused on industries and establishments such as agriculture and fishery that is depended on natural resources. Resilience considered as a practical approach for compatibility of this phenomenon and the creation of sustainable development. Since networks, especially formal networks such as institutional networks, can play a key role in creating and promoting resilience against climate change, the present study is conducted through a network analysis approach and with the aim of fundamental analyses in the field of resilience against climate change. The statistical population of the present study consists of the small beneficiary owners in Tarom County in Zanjan province. Through network analysis, the dominant statistical method of the research considered as the sociometry and extraction of network centrality indices. According to the findings, two agencies namely Agriculture Jihad Organization, and Banks and Credit and Financial Institution play a major role in the educational information network and technical services, respectively. In the financial facilities network, banks and credit and financial institutions, and the Agricultural Jihad Organization rank first and second in providing the financial services and consulting, respectively. The findings demonstrated that many institutions that can play a constructive role in the field of resilience against climate change, such as the insurance organization, have been secluded and marginalized.
Esfandiar Jahantab; Maryam Zahedifar; Mohsen Farzin
Abstract
Study of important soil properties and vegetation attributes can give us awareness of the potential of rangelands and make it possible to determine their condition. O In this regard, the present study was carried out with the aim of studying the structural and functional attributes of different growth ...
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Study of important soil properties and vegetation attributes can give us awareness of the potential of rangelands and make it possible to determine their condition. O In this regard, the present study was carried out with the aim of studying the structural and functional attributes of different growth forms on soil surface indices in the Mianjangal Catchment, Fasa. Eleven soil surface indicators were measured along three 100-meter transects using Landscape Function Analysis. The measured factors were classified to assess functional potentials (stability, infiltration, nutrient cycle). Structural attributes including number of patches, length and width of patches, the percentage of patch length to the transect length, patch area index and organization index were investigated. In general, four ecological patches including shrub, bush, grass and forb and the space between the patches (bare and litter) were identified in the study area. The organization index of patch area index were 0.41 and 0.03 in the study area respectively. The results showed that plant patches with different growth forms had different effects on ecosystem function. The growth form shrub had the highest stability, which had a significant difference with other growth forms. In terms of infiltration index in the study area, there were no significant differences between ecological patches with shrub and grass growth forms. Soil nutrient cycle also had a significant difference between ecological patches and also inter-patches. The shrub growth form had the highest amount of nutrient cycle.
Emad Zakeri; Hamidreza karimzadeh; Seyed Alireza Mousavi
Abstract
Cover-management factor (C) is one of the most important influential factor on soil erosion using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. C-factor is challenging to determine based on the proposed procedures due to lack of accurate information. Vegetation cover map can be used to estimate ...
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Cover-management factor (C) is one of the most important influential factor on soil erosion using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. C-factor is challenging to determine based on the proposed procedures due to lack of accurate information. Vegetation cover map can be used to estimate C-factor, but preparing a suitable mapping of vegetation cover is challenging in many situations. Therefore, in this study vegetation cover map was prepared and compared using the k Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) algorithm, linear regression (LR) and linear stepwise regression (LSR) in the study area. In regression methods, 17 vegetation and environmental indices were prepared and their relationships were investigated. The results of comparing the three methods showed that the k-NN method has better results than other regression methods due to its highest overall accuracy (83.3%) and kappa coefficient (75.9%) therefore, it was used to produce C-factor map. Results showed that the k-NN was very promising for mapping vegetation canopy cover in the arid and semi-arid areas. The results showed that among vegetation indices NDVI had the highest correlation (0.82) with percentage vegetation cover. Also, in the k-NN method, the Euclidean distance metrics in k = 9 has better results than the other two Fuzzy and Mahalanobis distances and can be used to estimation of vegetation cover map.
Manizheh Razavi Hosain Abad; Alireza Amirian Chekan; Mohammad Faraji; Jamal Mosavian
Abstract
Soil aggregate stability and its spatial distribution can be considered as a good indicator for assessing the results of measures conducted for mitigation soil erosion. This study was conducted in two adjacent sites in Chahmari region, Kuzestan province. At one site afforestation and contour furrowing ...
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Soil aggregate stability and its spatial distribution can be considered as a good indicator for assessing the results of measures conducted for mitigation soil erosion. This study was conducted in two adjacent sites in Chahmari region, Kuzestan province. At one site afforestation and contour furrowing were conducted to control soil erosion and the adjacent site with no controlling measures was considered as control. A total of 150 soil samples were collected from the surface layer (0-5 cm) of two sites and mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWD) were measured using dry and wet sieving (MWDd and MWDw, respectively). Based on digital soil mapping (DSM) approach and to map MWD spatially, several environmental covariates were derived from a Landsat 8 image and a digital elevation model (DEM). Two machine learning algorithms including artificial neural networks (ANN) and regression trees (RT) were used to predict MWD with covariates as inputs. Results indicated a significant difference between MWDd in two sites, but no significant difference was found between MWDw. Correlation analysis revealed no correlation between MWDw and all terrain attributes derived from the DEM, but significant correlations were obtained between MWDd and some terrain attributes. Most covariates derived from Landsat images had significant correlation with both MWDw and MWDd. ANN and TR had relatively high and almost the same accuracy in predicting MWDw, but in predicting MWDd, ANN was superior to RT. In general, the findings showed good performance of DSM techniques in predicting and spatial mapping of MWD.
mahshid souri; payam najafi; javad motamedi; saeedeh nateghi
Abstract
To determine these factors, the DEMATEL was used. To determine the most influential factors, several criteria such as slope, slope direction, height, type of cover, density of cover, percentage of cover, human population, proximity to roads, proximity to residential areas, proximity to agricultural lands, ...
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To determine these factors, the DEMATEL was used. To determine the most influential factors, several criteria such as slope, slope direction, height, type of cover, density of cover, percentage of cover, human population, proximity to roads, proximity to residential areas, proximity to agricultural lands, proximity to water resources, The type of employment of the natives and the use of the lands were used. The various steps of the decision evaluation method included forming the mean matrix, calculating the effect matrix of non-scaled direct relationships, calculating the total matrix (total direct and indirect effects matrix), calculating the impact matrix and the impact rate, and determining the order of effectiveness and impact. Based on the obtained results, among various factors, land use factor (3.9308) has the most impact and factor for slope has the least impact (1.0475) on the fire phenomenon. Based on the results of the present study, land use factors and human population have more interaction with other fire factors and the weight of these factors is more on the occurrence of fire phenomenon. Also, based on the results of the communication vector, which represents the certainty of a criterion as an influential criterion, the factors adjacent to the road (1.43) and height (0.6) have the greatest impact .The most important application of this information is the use of this information in the preparation of fire risk maps.
Esmaeil Sheidai Karkaj; Esfandiar Jahantab; Zahra Mahmoodi
Abstract
Plant growth and yield in the environment is affected by numerous biotic and abiotic environmental stresses as well as seed dormancy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of seed washing treatments with sulfuric acid and irrigation of seeds with saline water on seed germination ...
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Plant growth and yield in the environment is affected by numerous biotic and abiotic environmental stresses as well as seed dormancy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of seed washing treatments with sulfuric acid and irrigation of seeds with saline water on seed germination of Zygophyllum fabago. According to previous relevant researches, for this purpose, three concentrations of 0, 10 and 20% were prepared for acid washing treatment. For salinity treatment, four levels were considered: 0, 60, 90 and 120 mmol / l. Irrigation with spray water was applied evenly on all pteridia when necessary. Germinated seeds were counted daily and continued until no increase in the number of germinated seeds was observed .Comparison of the mean of the main effect of different levels of acid treatment on the germination percentage of Z. fabago showed that zero and ten percent acid concentration treatments with 59 and 60 percent have a higher value. Regarding the comparison of the mean of the interaction effects of acid and salinity, the results showed that the best treatment combination is zero percent acid and zero salinity of ten and ten millimoles per liter. Therefore, Z. fabago species needs low concentrations of salinity and sulfuric acid for optimal growth. Therefore, it can be used to improve and rehabilitate rangeland ecosystems according to the salinity of the area.
Morteza Saberi; Soheila noori; Fahimeh Rashidi
Abstract
Germination is one of the most important stages of plant growth that may be affected by different stresses in natural environments. This study was kind aimed to investigate the effects of substrate and different levels of gibberellic and indole butyric acid on germination characteristics of ...
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Germination is one of the most important stages of plant growth that may be affected by different stresses in natural environments. This study was kind aimed to investigate the effects of substrate and different levels of gibberellic and indole butyric acid on germination characteristics of Salvadora persica seeds in 2019. Two factors was considered consist of substrate (in four types (1- pit moss, 2 - cocopit and 3 - pit moss 50% + sand 50% 4 - Cocopit 50% + 50% sand), and gibberellic acid (in two levels 250 and 500 ppm) and indole butyric acid (in two levels 250 and 500 ppm). Then, the effect of these two factors and distilled water as the control in three replications on seed germination and seedling growth of Salvadora persica was investigated using a completely randomized factorial design. The results showed that the substrate had a significant effect on germination percentage, root length, shoot length, seedling, fresh root weight, shoot fresh weight and seed vigor index (p < 0.01). Seed pretreatment with gibberellic and indole butyric acid hormones had a significant effect on all studied characteristics. Interaction of substrate type and pretreatment with hormones had a significant effect on germination percentage, root length, shoot length, seedling and seed vigor index (p < 0.01) and had no significant effect on root and shoot fresh weight. The highest germination percentage was obtained in cocopeat and gibberellic acid 250 ppm (73%).
Asghar Farajollahi; Iman Islami
Abstract
Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new approaches in the field of sustainable rural development, which has been considered for poverty reduction and improving rural living standards, and their factors have a vital importance and role. Therefore, the aim of this study investigate the effect ...
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Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new approaches in the field of sustainable rural development, which has been considered for poverty reduction and improving rural living standards, and their factors have a vital importance and role. Therefore, the aim of this study investigate the effect of ecotourism on sustainable rural livelihood in Palangan Village of Kurdistan Province. The statistical population in this study is all persons over 20 year’s old living in the studied village that are 623 peoples. Sampling was done randomly that using the Cochran formula, a total of 238 individuals were selected. A data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that used after confirming the validity by experts' opinion and reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.83). Data analysis was performed using SPSS16.0 software. The results of one-sample t-test showed that natural, social and human resources were not in a good condition under the influence of ecotourism in Palangan village. Financial and physical capitals have had a better effects and this effect was only significant in physical livelihood capital. The findings of this study showed that there is a need to improve the tourism situation in the study area in order to achieve sustainable livelihoods and in this regard, principled management, local community participation and the use of ecotourism potentials in Palangan village are necessary.
Kobr Karimi; Esmail Karamidehkordi; Matthias Buchecker
Abstract
The Carbon Sequestration Project has been an important international initiative for natural resources management and climate change reduction measures over the past two decades.It has tried to involve rural households in all stages of the project to achieve environmental, economic,social and human goals. ...
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The Carbon Sequestration Project has been an important international initiative for natural resources management and climate change reduction measures over the past two decades.It has tried to involve rural households in all stages of the project to achieve environmental, economic,social and human goals. A number of factors can affect relevant stakeholders’ participation in carbon sequestration project activities.This study aimed to investigate the socio-economic factors affecting the participation of rural households in the Qom province, using a survey with a descriptive-correlational approach. A sample of 265 households out of 840 rural households was selected using a simple random sampling method in five villages where this project was implemented.The data were collected using a structured interview technique by a questionnaire and analyzed using the SPSS22 and AMOS software.The results showed that rural people had highly been involved in the less active participation stages, such as expert consultation with council members and village elders, where as they had poor contribution to the projects through collaborative or spontaneous involvements.The most important factors affecting the participation of rural households in the carbon sequestration project were identified to be variables such as social capitals; extension programs; implemented conservation projects; agricultural and non-agricultural diversification initiatives in carbon sequestration projects; the land area of households’ permanent crop; and their agricultural income.Promoting social capital through extension programs, and applying a combination of conservation and livelihood diversification measures can not only strengthen the participation of rural communities in natural resource management projects but also increase the success of these projects.
Ali Mohebby; Mahdi Ramezani; Naser Arabzadeh
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the populations of Fortuynia bongei in a complete blocks design with three replications in field conditions. Treatments included the populations of Fortuynia bongei collected from Sirch, Koohpayeh, Zarand, Bam and Baghin. The traits including vegetation cover, forage ...
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This research was aimed to investigate the populations of Fortuynia bongei in a complete blocks design with three replications in field conditions. Treatments included the populations of Fortuynia bongei collected from Sirch, Koohpayeh, Zarand, Bam and Baghin. The traits including vegetation cover, forage yield, and seed yield were recorded. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and mean comparisons were performed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results of ANOVA showed significant differences among the populations of Fortuynia bongei collected in this study. According to the results of mean comparisons, the highest percentage was recorded for the Koohpayeh population and the Bam population had the highest yield and seed production. So, these tow population could be recommended for the range lands rehabilitation projects in this area.
TAYYEBEH MESBAHZADEH; Ali Salajegheh; farshad soleimani sardoo; Gholamreza Zehtabian; Abbas Ranjbar; Mario Marcello Miglietta
Abstract
Today, the phenomenon of dust is known as one of the most important natural disasters in arid and semi-arid regions. The long-term effects of this phenomenon on the human health index are referred to as chronic disease. Therefore, studying and identifying the patterns and centers of this phenomenon seems ...
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Today, the phenomenon of dust is known as one of the most important natural disasters in arid and semi-arid regions. The long-term effects of this phenomenon on the human health index are referred to as chronic disease. Therefore, studying and identifying the patterns and centers of this phenomenon seems necessary in these areas. In this study, in order to simulate the dust emission flux to determine the internal and external critical centers in the central plateau of Iran, WRF-Chem model and GOCART wind erosion scheme and storm were used from July 19 to 21, 2015. The results showed that the Arabian deserts in Saudi Arabia, the deserts of Iraq, as well as the Gharegham desert in Turkmenistan and the Helmand region in Afghanistan are among the most important foreign crisis centers affecting Iran's central plateau atmosphere. Also, the Central Desert (Dasht-e Kavir) has been identified as the main source of dust and the southern parts of the Central Loot Basin and the Jazmourian Basin have been identified as the internal sources of dust. The results also showed that in the Central Loot basin, the amount of 6900 micrograms per square meter of dust increases per second due to the erosion conditions.
maede nasry; Mohammad Jafari; Hossein Azarnivand; Hamed Rafiee
Abstract
This study aims to examine the role and value of local community awareness of the economic value of carbon sequestration as an important rangeland ecosystem services in order to increase the participation of local community for conservation of rangeland. In order to explain the role and value of awareness ...
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This study aims to examine the role and value of local community awareness of the economic value of carbon sequestration as an important rangeland ecosystem services in order to increase the participation of local community for conservation of rangeland. In order to explain the role and value of awareness in increasing the participation of people in both experimental and control groups, Contingent Valuation Method and dichotomous choice – double bounded format was used and willingness of local communities to pay to preserve pastures were measured. The results showed in two separate groups have a significant difference in terms of willingness to pay for conservation of rangeland, that the difference between the willingness to pay represents the exact value of awareness in increasing willingness to pay for conservation of pasture. In the experimental group, the average willingness to pay was 89410.84 Rials and in the control group average, the average willingness to pay was 32560.88 Rials. The difference between the average willingness of people to pay in two groups is the equivalent of 57039.12 Rials. The average willingness of people to pay each year in the village of test and control group respectively is 2587230.6 and 1657100.05 Rials. The proposed knowledge up to local communities in the Malard County of the carbon sequestration process as well as the role and its position in relation to the welfare of local communities, especially with regard to the beginning of the implementation of the International Generalized Carbon Sequestration in the county take priority.
Mohsen Adeli Sardooei; Ali Asadi; Khalil Khalil; Ali Akbar Barati; Hassan Khosravi
Abstract
Evaluating of the development of crops based on water needs along with detecting and predicting land use changes will provide a clear picture of changes in water resources and anthropogenic effects of the agricultural sector for environmental planners to plan more consciously in the field of water and ...
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Evaluating of the development of crops based on water needs along with detecting and predicting land use changes will provide a clear picture of changes in water resources and anthropogenic effects of the agricultural sector for environmental planners to plan more consciously in the field of water and soil conservation, Therefore, the current study was conducted with two general objectives. The first goal was to examine land use in the past and predict land use in the future using the Land Change Modeler (LCM) and logistic regression method. Detecting land use changes was performed using Landsat satellite images including sensors of TM (1990), ETM+ (2001) and OLI (2019). The second object of the study was to examine the development trend of agricultural products in terms of water needs in the last three decades, which was examined based on databases of the Agricultural Jihad Organization (AJO). The transition potential modelling was performed based on logistic regression method and variables of digital elevation model (DEM), slope, aspect, geology, the distance from fault, the distance from road, the distance from river, distance from residential lands, NDVI and land use was predicted using Markov chain in future. Also, the trend of changes in the area under cultivation of major crops based on water needs in Jiroft plain was studied based on the data of the last three decades and the data of the National Irrigation Document, which has been less considered by researchers in land use change studies.
