Volume & Issue: Volume 65, Issue 2 - Serial Number 1339218, Summer 2012, Pages 159-276 

Assesment of the Standard Index of Annual Precipitation,Standardized Precipitation Index and Palmer Drought Severity Index in the Rangelands of Qom Province

Pages 159-174

https://doi.org/10.22059/jrwm.2012.30009

Maryam Azarakhshi, Behnoush Farokhzadeh, Mohammad Mahdavi, Hossein Arzani, Hassan Ahmadi

Abstract Iran is located in dry belt of the earth and always involved with drought in different sections. Drought has already caused many losses to natural plant cover, agriculture and human society. For drought monitoring, we can use some drought indecies. In this research, the Standard Index of Annual Precipitation)SIAP),Sandardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) were used for assessment of drought effects on rangeland plant production. The research area is located in Qom province that contains eight rangeland sites. Plant production and soil factors were measured in rangeland readiness period from 1997-1998 to 2005-2006 annualy. Regression techniques were used between drought indices and total production and also production of different vegetation forms in seven time scales (early March to late July (growth season) and early February to late July (growth season and the previous month), March to June, March to May, March to April and March (start of growth season). The best drought index was then selected based on the highest correlation coefficient and lowest standard error. The result showed that the best drought indices in Qom rangelands are SPI-3, PDSI, SPI-24 and SPI-6, respectively. Also the most significant time step was resulted growth season and specially early stage of growth season.

Evaluation of Vegetation Indices for Preparing Vegetation Cover Percentage in Semi-arid Lands of Central Iran (Case Study: Ghareh Aghaj Watershed)

Pages 175-189

https://doi.org/10.22059/jrwm.2012.30010

Fazel Amiri, Hassan Yeganeh

Abstract فرآیند ارزیابی پوشش گیاهی به وسیلة تصاویر ماهواره‌ای نیازمند استفاده از شاخص‌های گیاهی است. شاخص گیاهی بطور گسترده‌ای برای ارزیابی و پایش تغییرهای بو شناختی (اکولوژیک) مانند پوشش گیاهی، بیوماس پوشش سطح خاک و شاخص سطح برگ استفاده می‌شود. اهداف این مطالعه شامل بررسی قابلیت داده‌های ASTER به منظور برآورد پوشش گیاهی در حوزه آبخیز قره آقاچ و همچنین انتخاب شاخص‌های گیاهی مناسب در تهیه نقشه پوشش گیاهی منطقه، می‌باشد. پیش‌پردازش‌های مختلف شامل تصحیح هندسی با استفاده از تصاویر موجود مربوط اردیبهشت 1387 با RMSE حدود 5/0 پیکسل انجام شد و تصحیحات اتمسفری و توپوگرافی به ترتیب به کمک روش تفریق عارضه تاریک و مدل لامبرت انجام شد. از شاخص‌های گیاهی و طبقه‌بندی نظارت شده برای تهیه نقشه پوشش گیاهی استفاده شد. عملیات برداشت زمینی در اردیبهشت ماه 1387 در سطحی معادل 25/8962 هکتار آغاز ‌شد. تیپ‌های مختلف گیاهی به روش نمونه‌برداری سیستماتیک- تصادفی، سطحی که اختلاف مهمی در ترکیب فلورستیک- فیزیونومیک نداشت، به عنوان تیپ گیاهی مستقل و یکنواخت در نظر گرفته شد. در کل منطقه حدود 60 نقطه تصادفی انتخاب و اندازه‌گیری پوشش گیاهی به روش برآورد انجام گرفت. اطلاعات رقومی و شاخص‌ها به عنوان متغیر مستقل و اطلاعات زمینی به عنوان متغیر‌ وابسته معرفی شدند. معادلات مختلف با استفاده از شاخص‌ها بر روی تصاویر اعمال و سپس تصاویر به 5 کلاس پوشش طبقه بندی شد. در نهایت نقشه‌ پوشش و نقاط نمونه‌برداری برای بررسی صحت نتایج، کنترل گردید. نقشه پوشش منطقه با اعمال پردازش‌های گوناگون بر روی تصویر تهیه گردید. با بهره گیری از سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی تمام لایه‌های اطلاعاتی با یکدیگر ترکیب و نقشه پوشش اراضی منطقه تهیه شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که، شاخص NDVI همبستگی بالایی با درصد پوشش گیاهی داشت (01/0P?). صحت کلی و ضریب کاپا برای نقشه پوشش با شاخص NDVI به ترتیب برابر 5/68 % و 4/72 % بدست آمد. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که پوشش گیاهی با درصد تاج پوشش 40-20 درصد، وسیع‌ترین طبقه تراکمی پوشش این منطقه می‌باشد. نتایج این پژوهش همچنان نشان داد که تصاویر سنجنده ASTER و شاخص‌های گیاهی ابزار قدرت مناسبی برای تهیه نقشه پوشش گیاهی می‌باشد. بنابراین، می توان از نقشه پوشش تهیه شده از داده‌های ASTER برای برآورد پوشش و تولید و ارزیابی مراتع استفاده کرد.

Investigation of Carbon Storage Potential of Artemisia aucheri, Agropyron elongatum, Stipa barbata, in Semi-arid Rangelands of Iran (Case study: Peshert Region, Kiasar)

Pages 191-202

https://doi.org/10.22059/jrwm.2012.30011

Zeinab Jafariyan, Leila Tayefeh Seyyed Alikhani, Reza Tamartash

Abstract Carbon sequestration potential of three species including Agropyron elengatum, Stipa barbata and Artemisia aucheri was evaluated in parts of a semi-arid rangeland in this study. After determination and selecting key areas as study sites, sampling from vegetation and soil, based on randomized systematic method, was done and 90 plant and 45 soil samples were taken, respectively. Shooting and rooting organs of the species were separated from each other after transfer to the laboratory and carbon sequestration coefficient of plant organs was determined with combustion method.Then carbon sequestration coefficient of different species, organs and soil under these species were analyzed. The results showed that carbon sequestration rate between studied three species, had significantly statistical difference (p<%5) while Artemisia aucheri had the highest carbon sequestration rate in the region. Also carbon sequestration between organs (roots, stems and leaves) of three species showed significantly statistical difference (p<%5). Investigation of soil carbon storage showed that Artemisia aucher stores 29.445 t/ha carbon in the soil which is higher than other studied species.

The Most Appropirate Quadrate Size and Shape for Determing Some Characteristics of a Semi-steppic Rangeland

Pages 203-216

https://doi.org/10.22059/jrwm.2012.30012

Pejman Tahmasebi, Ataollah Ebrahimi, Nabiollah Yarali

Abstract هنگاهی می‌توان قضاوت درستی در ارزیابی پوشش گیاهی مرتع داشت که طرح آماربرداری انتخاب شده باشد. از این‌رو تعیین یک اندازه و شکل قطعه مناسب که بتواند دقت و صحت مناسبی در برآورد متغیرهای مرتعی پوشش داشته باشد موجب افزایش کارآیی نمونه‌برداری می‌شود. در این مطالعه با لحاظ کردن چندین معیار شامل دقت، زمان، نسبت محیط به مساحت و راحتی و قابل استفاده بودن به دنبال تعیین قطعهی خواهیم بود که برآورد قابل قبولی از چندین متغیر شامل درصد پوشش فرمهای رویشی مختلف، سنگ و سنگریزه، درصد لاشبرگ و خاک لخت داشته باشد. برای این منظور با استقرار قطعه‌های با اندازه ‌و شکلهای مختلف شامل1×1، 1×2، 4/1×4/1، 4×5/0، 2× 2 و4×4 متری درصد پوشش شکل های مختلف رویشی و زمان نمونه‌برداری اندازه‌گیری در آنها شد. برای انتخاب بهترین قطعه از بین گزینه‌های فوق از روش تصمیم‌گیری سلسله‌مراتبی استفاده شد. همچنین با استقرار 5 قطعه آشیانه‌ای (تودرتو) با ابعادcm 25*25 متر تاm 16*16 و تعیین قطعه‌های حداقل، کارآیی این روش با قطعه‌های فوق که چندین معیار را همزمان در خود لحاظ می‌کند مورد مقایسه قرارگرفت. نتایج کلی نشان می‌دهد که دقت برآورد متغیرهای مختلف با افزایش سطح افزایش می‌یابد. با این‌‌وجود افزایش دقت برآورد متغیرهای مختلف با افزایش سطح در قطعه‌های کوچکتر بسیار چشمگیر بوده و با رسیدن به قطعه 4 متر مربعی تقریباً به سطح ثابتی رسید. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل سلسله مراتبی نشان داد که با در نظر گرفتن معیارهای دقت، زمان، نسبت محیط به مساحت و راحتی و قابل استفاده بودن، قطعه 4 متر مربعی بهترین گرینه انتخابی برای تخمین متغیرهای پوشش گیاهی است. قطعه‌های آشیانه‌ای مستقر شده قطعه حداقلی با مساحت بزرگتر از 32 متر مربع را تعیین کرده‌اند. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش موید این موضوع است که 1) در مراتع نیمه استپی برای برآورد متغیرهای پوشش گیاهی قطعه 4 متر مربعی بهترین است 2) قطعه‌های حداقلی که در روش آشیانه‌ای تعیین می‌شوند نمی تواند در مناطقی که پوشش گیاهی ناهمگنی زیادی دارد بهترین قطعه‌ها برای برآورد چندین متغیر پوشش گیاهی باشد 3) بهترین برآورد از متغیرهای بررسی شده در دو برابر حداکثر تاج پوشش گونه‌های موجود در منطقه مشاهده نشده است و روش استفاده از دو برابر بودن بودن اندازه قطعه از تاج پوشش حداکثر گونه‌ها برای اندازه قطعه در این مناطق صحیح نیست 4) برای انتخاب بهترین قطعه، محقق باید با لحاظ کردن چندین معیار تصمیمگیری از بین قطعه‌های مورد نظر، یکی را که بیشترین کارایی را در برآورد متغیرهای پوشش دارد انتخاب کند.

Determination of daily Animal Requirement for Lori Sheep Race in Rangeland Feridonshahr

Pages 217-229

https://doi.org/10.22059/jrwm.2012.30013

Ebrahim Gavili, Mohammadreza Vahhabi, Fazel Amiri, Shiva Rashidi

Abstract For planning the grazing of rangeland according to difference in body weight and different energy requirements should determine forage requirement of animal unit. In the other hand, daily need of animal in rangeland depends on the quantity and quality of intake forage composition. For this purpose selected part of the rangeland of Fereidunshahr in Isfahan province was classified to vegetation types. In each type of all plant species about 500 grams at flowering stage were collected. Nitrogen (N) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were measured through chemical analysis. Crude protein, ADF, dry matter digestibility and metabolizable energy either 3 replicates were assessed in the laboratory as indicators of forage quality. The Lori sheep race is user dominant Animal unit. In order to determine the animal unit body weight, from 3 existing herds within 11 unit management with dominant Animal from this race, 10 three and 10 four Dry adult ewes(main structure of the herd), 5 three and 5 four years old rams and 6 month old lambs randomly selected and were weighed in two period. Weighing operation performance once before grazing beginning (first may) and once after the end of grazing season (first September). In conclusion 45 kg body weight as animal unit was calculated and livestock rations of animal requirement in maintenance condition and grazing in rangeland (0.7 times of keeping in a stable) calculated using the MAFF equation. The result showed that animal requirement based on forage quality at flowering stage was 1.09 kg that for grazing session (30% reduction of forage quality) is 1/58 kg in day. Because there are difference in structure of vegetation types and metabolism energy so a permanent quantity of dry forage cannot specify as basic of computation the daily need

Assessment of the Effect of Input Factors Number in Accuracy of Artificial Neural Network for Landslide Hazard Zonation (Case study: Haraz Watershed)

Pages 231-243

https://doi.org/10.22059/jrwm.2012.30014

Hamidreza Moradi, Alireza Sepahvand, Parviz Abdolmaleki

Abstract More than 30% of Iran's land is formed from mountainous areas. So each year, landslides cause damages to structures, residential areas and forests, creating sedimentation, muddy floods and finally deposit the sediments in reservoir dams. Therefore, for preventing of this damages and expressing the sensitivity rate of hillslopes, landslide hazard zonation is considered in prone areas. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal structure of artificial neural network with different numbers of input factors for the landslide hazard zonation in the Haraz Watershed. First, the number of optimal epochs was determined to prevent network overlearning with trial and error method. Then, 14 neurons were determined in the hidden layer. Finally, the number of neurons was changed from 1 to 9 in the input layer. According to the obtained results, with increasing the number of neurons in the input layer, efficiency of Artificial Neural Network improved for landslide susceptibility mapping. In this research, nine neurons in the input layer, 14 neurons in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer were selected as the optimal structure. Root Mean Square Error and Descriptive Coefficient (R2) were equal to 0.051 and 0.962, respectively and the accuracy of landslide hazard zonation map was equal to 92.3%. Meanwhile, the results showed that about 35.14, 26.73, 14.59, 9.88, and 13.63 percent of all studied areas are located in stable, low, moderate, high and extremely hazardous areas, respectively.

Comparison of Infiltration Rate in Bare Soil and Ring-shaped Growth Pattern of Iris songarica and Scripoides holoschoenus species and Evaluation of Green-Ampt and Horton Infiltration Models

Pages 245-256

https://doi.org/10.22059/jrwm.2012.30015

Asghar Mosleh Arani, Hamidreza Azimzadeh

Abstract Plant cover is one of the most important factors affecting infiltration rate of water into the soil and decreasing runoff. Distribution of plants in arid and semi-arid areas is almost patchy and form different patterns. One of the fascinating patterns is ring-shaped growth pattern. Ring patterns of varying size are formed by clonally reproducing grasses, sedges and even shrubs growing in resource-limited (water and nutrient) environments. Study on the role of ring pattern in infiltration rate is lacking. In this study infiltration rate was compared between ring patterns formed by Iris songarica and Scripoides holoschoenus and soil without plant cover (bare soil). Infiltration rate was measured by double ring in different time interval until infiltration was constant. Infiltration models efficiency were analyzed by calculation Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient. Result from paired T test analysis showed that infiltration rate was significantly different between two plants and also with bare soil (p<0.01). The results showed the cumulative infiltration rate for Iris, Scripoides and bare soil were 56.5±2.8, 89.5±5.4 and 42.7±1.3mm, respectively. On the other hand, infiltration rate for Iris, Scripoides and bare soil were 39.6±2.0, 54±2.7 and 27.6±1.4 mm/hr, respectively. The root system and dead parts of plants in center of the rings were responsible for high infiltration rate in two plants. It is concluded that formation of ring is an adaptive characteristic of plant to use rainfall in one hand and in another hand it would increase groundwater level. Nash Sutcliffe ranges showed Green-Ampt and Horton models are in acceptable levels of performance for predicting infiltration rate of vegetal ring patterns and bare soil.

Regional Analysis of Hydrological Drought in Sefidrood Drainage Basin Using Base Flow Index

Pages 257-267

https://doi.org/10.22059/jrwm.2012.30016

Kazem Nosrati

Abstract The term hydrological drought is applied to represent low water levels in streams, reservoirs and lakes as well as a low groundwater level. Base flow index (BFI) as one of low flow indices gives the ratio of base flow to total flow and investigates basin’s ability to store and release of water in drought periods. The objectives of this study were to determine BFI and to validate this index in drought studies of Sefidrood Drainage Basin. To view of this, first three homogenous regions were identified based on the threshold level using cluster analysis. Then, daily BFI was calculated in 28 gauging stations of the homogenous regions. The results showed that the regional mean of BFI with value of 0.65 (SD=0.19) is stable during long-period data. BFI ranged between 0.17 and 0.86 and also based on the 25, 50 and 75 percentiles, river flow regime in the study area is divided into four categories that show more than 50 percent of the catchments in the study area have low or unstable regime. So it would be hard that the catchments able to provide river flow during drought periods. Therefore the results of this study can be used in assessment of groundwater recharge, water supply system, irrigation management, and hydrological drought monitoring as well as regional modeling of water resources storage and hydrological drought in ungauged areas