maede nasry; Mohammad Jafari; Hossein Azarnivand; Hamed Rafiee
Abstract
This study aims to examine the role and value of local community awareness of the economic value of carbon sequestration as an important rangeland ecosystem services in order to increase the participation of local community for conservation of rangeland. In order to explain the role and value of awareness ...
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This study aims to examine the role and value of local community awareness of the economic value of carbon sequestration as an important rangeland ecosystem services in order to increase the participation of local community for conservation of rangeland. In order to explain the role and value of awareness in increasing the participation of people in both experimental and control groups, Contingent Valuation Method and dichotomous choice – double bounded format was used and willingness of local communities to pay to preserve pastures were measured. The results showed in two separate groups have a significant difference in terms of willingness to pay for conservation of rangeland, that the difference between the willingness to pay represents the exact value of awareness in increasing willingness to pay for conservation of pasture. In the experimental group, the average willingness to pay was 89410.84 Rials and in the control group average, the average willingness to pay was 32560.88 Rials. The difference between the average willingness of people to pay in two groups is the equivalent of 57039.12 Rials. The average willingness of people to pay each year in the village of test and control group respectively is 2587230.6 and 1657100.05 Rials. The proposed knowledge up to local communities in the Malard County of the carbon sequestration process as well as the role and its position in relation to the welfare of local communities, especially with regard to the beginning of the implementation of the International Generalized Carbon Sequestration in the county take priority.
Saeedeh Khaghani; Hossein Azarnivand; Mohammad Jafari; Abdollah Mollafilabi; Ali tavili
Abstract
This experiment was conducted as a split-plot factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the medicinal plants' farm of Islamic Azad University in 2017. In this experiment, water stress was considered as the main factor in four levels of irrigation including 100%, ...
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This experiment was conducted as a split-plot factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the medicinal plants' farm of Islamic Azad University in 2017. In this experiment, water stress was considered as the main factor in four levels of irrigation including 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of the plant water requirement in the main plots. In addition, the application of different levels of zeolite (including no application of zeolite, two, four, six tons per hectare), as well as application of salicylic acid at two levels (0.5 and 1 mM) were considered as secondary factors in the form of factorial on subsidiary plots. The results showed that the effect of different levels of water stress on the traits such as plant height, number of lateral branches, plant wet weight, leaf area index, number of flowers in inflorescence was significant at 1% and on plant dry weight was significant at 5%. Salicylic acid application was also significant on some traits such as flower number in inflorescence, leaf area and dry weight at the probability level of 1%, and on plant volume and wet weight at 5% level. In addition, the effect of different levels of zeolite application was significant on plant height, number of lateral branches, wet weight, dry weight, leaf area index, number of flower in inflorescence at 1% level.
sadegh hoseinniaee; Hossein Azarnivand; Mohammad Jafari; Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki
Abstract
Haloxylon is one of the resistant plants in desert areas, which has always been considered by researchers and practitioners since controlling sandy soils as one of the solutions to erosion and sand fixation by biological methods. In this study was conducted in forest plantations eshtehard, Bases of haloxylon ...
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Haloxylon is one of the resistant plants in desert areas, which has always been considered by researchers and practitioners since controlling sandy soils as one of the solutions to erosion and sand fixation by biological methods. In this study was conducted in forest plantations eshtehard, Bases of haloxylon thate wilting and drying effects are visible, was chosen and pruning them. This factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four treatments, pruning time (September, October, December, February) and four sub-plots pruning height (Complete pruning, 25 cm, 50 and 75 cm) were implemented. Before applying pruning, for homogeneous and the same size the bases, Variable height, canopy cove diameter and crown diameter was measured on every base. The end of July condition bases was investigated in terms of Tillering and not tillering. Results showed that pruning stimulates been tillering. Because 97.5 percentage of bases was tillering. Pruning in January from height of 75 cm with 100 tiller hade the greatest number tiller. The lowest tiller regarding of November with 5 tiller. There is no significant difference between treatments in term of tiller diameter, but in general thickest tiller was for pruning in January. Therefore, it can be said that pruning is about 75 centimeters in December as the best pruning time and heigh.
Maryam Saffariha; Hossein Azarnivand; Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki; ِAli Tavili; Samad Nejad Ebrahimi; Daniel Potter
Abstract
Salvia limbata is an herbaceous plant which belongs to Lamiaceae family and is native to Iran. In this study, essential oils and variety of chemical compounds of Salvia limbata in flowering stage in different altitudes in July were studied. In order to study the active ingredients of plant in studied ...
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Salvia limbata is an herbaceous plant which belongs to Lamiaceae family and is native to Iran. In this study, essential oils and variety of chemical compounds of Salvia limbata in flowering stage in different altitudes in July were studied. In order to study the active ingredients of plant in studied sites in flowering stage nine plant samples were examined for phytochemical analysis. Identification of the basic constituents (quantity and quality) with GC / MS and GC-FID (gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer) has been done. The yield of essential oils in flowering stage in Paeein Taleghan 0.34% in Mian Taleghan 0.34% and in Bala Taleghan is 0.46%. According to the results, difference in altitudes in three habitats shows a significant difference among the percentages of the obtained compounds. The most important constituents of essential oil include α-Pinene, β-Pinene, allo-aromadendrene and Spathulonol. Also, Salvia is reported as one of the sources for the extraction of α -pinene.
Farhad Zolfaghari; Hossein Azarnivand; Hassan Khosravi; Gholamreza Zehtabian; Shahram Khalighi Sigaroodi
Abstract
Any Changes in a dry land surface ecosystem will be affected by the climate near the ground or microclimate in the vertical plane. In recent decades' wetland drying cause to reduced vegetation significantly. Assessing Zabol synoptic station statistics shown an increased temperature of this place. It ...
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Any Changes in a dry land surface ecosystem will be affected by the climate near the ground or microclimate in the vertical plane. In recent decades' wetland drying cause to reduced vegetation significantly. Assessing Zabol synoptic station statistics shown an increased temperature of this place. It seems that there has a direct relationship between the changes in land surface vegetation and increases the ambient temperature. The situation ground roll on microclimate has been investigated to illustrate this relationship. In this study we compare and assessment temperatures at depth of 5cm and surface and height about 150 cm and heat fluxes and energy in three microsites with different vegetation cover. The distance between the experiment microsites is about 20 km, and the elevation difference is less than 10 meters. Microsite A with the total vegetation average about 65%, B microsites 20% and microsites C with 100% bare soil. It evaluated the equation ρc_p z_a (dT_air)/dt to investigate the role and effects of vegetation on the ground surface. Data analyzes showed temperatures in the period of study at the C microsites were higher than other microsites. It seems the lack of vegetation in microsites C has a major role in the higher air temperature. In micro site C At 00:30 Am (local time) the air temperature was 3.2ºC higher than microsite A and B. The results showed there is a direct relationship between the vegetation cover percentage and air temperature because of different soil heat fluxes and surface temperature.
nasibe ghanbari; hossein azarnivand; hamed joneidi jafari; mohammad jafari
Abstract
This study aimed to effect of converting rangeland to afforestation on carbon and nitrogen storage was done in forested areas of Hassan Abad in Sanandaj. Masses of studied was include Cupressus arizonica, Pinus eldarica, Fraxinus rotundifolia, Robinia psedoacacia and Thuja orientalis whit an average ...
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This study aimed to effect of converting rangeland to afforestation on carbon and nitrogen storage was done in forested areas of Hassan Abad in Sanandaj. Masses of studied was include Cupressus arizonica, Pinus eldarica, Fraxinus rotundifolia, Robinia psedoacacia and Thuja orientalis whit an average age of 20 years and adjacent rangeland that converting was not created was selected as control. Sampling of soil was done in afforestation mass and control and characteristics of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, percent clay, silt and sand was measured. To compare the effect of forestry corrective operations on carbon sequestration was used independent t-test analysis and to compare the effects of different types of afforestation on soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration rates was used one-way ANOVA. Results shows that Robinia psedoacacia have a significant effect on increase of carbon and nitrogen sequestered and amount of phosphorus and potassium in soil and in total in Robinia psedoacacia mass amount of cabon sequestered and nitrogen stored in soil was calculated 80.62 and 5.42 ton/ha and in control 47.05 and 3.08 ton/ha and Robinia psedoacacia mass cause to increase of soil carbon and nitrogen amount of 71 and 75 percent and lowest amount of carbon and nitrogen was obtained in soil of Cupressus arizonica mass. Stepwise regression results showed that nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively are most important components affecting in soil of investigated mass.
Pouyan Dehghan; Hossein Azarnivand; Hassan Khosravi; Gholamreza Zehtabian; Alireza Moghaddam Nia
Abstract
The excessive reducing capacity of natural resources is one of the most important challenges that human beings have faced it in the last century. Proper land use and land use management based on its ecological potential play an important role in achieving sustainable development. Hence, in order to achieve ...
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The excessive reducing capacity of natural resources is one of the most important challenges that human beings have faced it in the last century. Proper land use and land use management based on its ecological potential play an important role in achieving sustainable development. Hence, in order to achieve sustainable development and in order to use land appropriately, tendencies should be directed towards the planning and utilization of resources on the basis of their resources. Therefore, since agriculture has a great deal of environmental impact on urban areas, the evaluation of agricultural lands is necessary. The aim of this study is evaluation of ecological potential of land in Eshtehard in terms of agriculture and rangelands. For this purpose, the ecological potential of the lands of Eshtehard was evaluated using ecological criteria and using Fuzzy, Fuzzy AHP methods and Geographic Information System (GIS). The Fuzzy method was used to standardize the layers and also to assign weight to each of the indices used by Fuzzy AHP method. The results of this study showed that class 1 lands with 1.50% is the lowest and the class 4 lands with 25.36% of the total area of the study area has the biggest area. The results of the analysis in this study indicate the high efficiency of Fuzzy AHP method in assessing the ecological potential of the area and can be used with changes necessary for other areas and also other location actives.
afshin sadeghirad; Hossein azarnivand; mohamad jafari; mohamadali zarechahoki
Abstract
Nowadays climate change, is the most significant threat in terms of sustainable development, particularly in developing countries. So regarding to rangeland ecosystems and their ability is a Particular attention to sequester carbon. This study aimed to assessing the carbon sequestration potential of ...
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Nowadays climate change, is the most significant threat in terms of sustainable development, particularly in developing countries. So regarding to rangeland ecosystems and their ability is a Particular attention to sequester carbon. This study aimed to assessing the carbon sequestration potential of natural and planted ranges through selected three species S. barbata, S.rigida and A.canescens. sampling from vegetation and soil have done along three 200 meters parallel transects by Systematic - random method. So that were taken 30 vegetable and 36 soil samples which were measured the organic carbon plants samples and some physical and chemical properties of soil In the laboratory. Then, by multiplying the amount of organic carbon in soil bulk density, was calculated total weight of carbon sequestration in soil depth. The results showed that among the three sites, the depth first of the soil, the amount of silt, sand, organic carbon, PH and EC (electrical conductivity) and In the second depth of the soil, the amount of silt, organic carbon, nitrogen, PH and EC there was a significant difference at 5% level. The comparison of carbon sequestration to the total habitat by Duncan's test showed that all three species were significantly different from each other at 5% level, So that the greatest amount of carbon stored is in the A.canescens planting of rangeland (39/84 ton/ ha) and the lowest Natural rangeland S.rigida (36/24 ton/ha), However the Natural range S.barbata was intermediate between both other species (31/34 ton/hac).
Hossein Azarnivand; Sedigh MOhammadi; Sadegh Hossein niyaee; Pouyan Dehghan
Abstract
One of the best methods to prevent or reduce soil erosion, it is preserving and restoring vegetation. So knowledge about the characteristics of the vegetation, including ecological features as the first and most important biological tool for soil conservation is essential. Coma (Ferula hausskenechtii) ...
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One of the best methods to prevent or reduce soil erosion, it is preserving and restoring vegetation. So knowledge about the characteristics of the vegetation, including ecological features as the first and most important biological tool for soil conservation is essential. Coma (Ferula hausskenechtii) Plant of Apiaceae family, which is abundant in the mountainous regions of Kurdistan. Regarding the importance this species to protect and prevent soil erosion that the proper species is to reform the mountainous rangelands. Therefore, Autecology studies is necessary. For this study, the main habitat of this species were determined by using vegetation maps with a scale of 1: 25,000 in Kurdistan province. Finally, five sites (Saral Divandarreh, Sarshiv Marivan, Buin-e Baneh, North West Dam Qshlagh, and Sarshiv Saqqez) were selected as sample. Then studies of vegetation, soil analysis, chemical analysis, root system and phenology of species was performed. The results showed that this species grows well at the altitude of 3000-1600 mask with 700-400 mm rainfall as well as its density decreases with increasing altitude. Its habitat soil has a neutral pH to slightly alkaline (7-8), is shallow or deep and medium texture. Vegetative growth starts of the first week of April and the plant is seeding in mid- June. This plant has multiple roots system, which average root length and the number of rootlet are 102 cm and 11 respectively. The highest amount of crude protein in the growth and the lowest is in seeding stage.
khadije naghizadeh; mohammad jafari; hosein azarnivand; mohamad ali zare chahiiki; Hamidreza Abasi
Abstract
The effect of environmental factors on vegetation diversity in Eshtehard rangeland was studied in present study. Sampling was done using Minimal Area method. To measure the plant properties in each type, regarding the extent of each type, three 500 meter transects with 50 meter intervals between transects ...
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The effect of environmental factors on vegetation diversity in Eshtehard rangeland was studied in present study. Sampling was done using Minimal Area method. To measure the plant properties in each type, regarding the extent of each type, three 500 meter transects with 50 meter intervals between transects (due to the scarce vegetation cover) were established. In each plot, the number and types of existing species and their percentages were determined. Also, profiles were dug at the beginning and end of each transect and soil specimens were sampled at 0- 20 cm depth. Among soil properties, the percentage of clay, silt, sand, organic matter, lime, acidity, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were measured. After collecting data, Shanon-Winer species diversity and Simpson indices were determined using Ecological methodology Software. Finally, the most important factors effecting the species diversity variation were specified using Principle Component Analysis. The results showed that among the studied factors, elevation, slope, soil depth and lime are the most effective ones.
Hossein Piry; Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki; Hossein Azarnivand
yaser ghasemi aryan; yaser Ghasemi aAryan; ali kiani rad
fatemeh naghizadeh; mohammad jafari; hosein azarnivand; Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki
Abstract
In this study, the role of soil properties in making difference between plant communitieswas examined. First, four plant types were identified, including Pteropyrumaucheri-Salsolarigida، Astragalus gossypinus - Acanthophyllum herateens، Amygdalus scoparia – Achilla millefolium and Ephedra intermedia ...
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In this study, the role of soil properties in making difference between plant communitieswas examined. First, four plant types were identified, including Pteropyrumaucheri-Salsolarigida، Astragalus gossypinus - Acanthophyllum herateens، Amygdalus scoparia – Achilla millefolium and Ephedra intermedia – Erigon capestra, through randomized systematic sampling and field survey in representative area of each type. In each plant type, three 500-meter transects were selected and in each transect, ten plots were placed along each transect. Characteristics of vegetation such as type and percentage of cover, gravel percentage, litter percentage and bare soil percentage were determined within each plot. In addition, in order to study the soil properties, at the beginning and at the end of each transect, a profile was dug and soil samples were taken from the depths of 0-20, 20-80 cm. Soil physical and chemical properties (texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter percentage, gypsum percentage, lime percentage, salts such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, sodium absorption ratio, sodium exchange percentage) were determined in soil laboratory. Then, the role of soil properties in making difference between plant communitieswas determined by using ANOVA statistical analysis, and the key factors making this difference were introduced as sand percentage, organic matter percentage, and electrical conductivity.
Mohammad Jafari; Hossein Azarnivand; Ahmad Sadeghipour; Nadia Kamali; Ahmad Heidari; Hassan Maddah arefi
Abstract
Global warming and climate change have drawn special attention to soil and its potential for stable carbon sequestration. Soils are the largest stores of carbon in terrestrial carbon cycle and contain about three times more carbon than vegetation cover and two times more than that of atmosphere. Studying ...
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Global warming and climate change have drawn special attention to soil and its potential for stable carbon sequestration. Soils are the largest stores of carbon in terrestrial carbon cycle and contain about three times more carbon than vegetation cover and two times more than that of atmosphere. Studying the effects of grazing on soil carbon storage is important because of the major role soil organic carbon has in production. Grazing is potent for changing the carbon storage of rangeland ecosystems. In this research, the effect of different grazing intensities on carbon sequestration and nitrogen stabilization in pastures cultivated with Atriplex canescens in Shahriar was studied. Soil and plant samplings were done in low, moderate and high grazing intensity areas as well as exclosure, using randomized – systematic method. Soil samples were taken from 0-10, 10-30 and 30-100 Cm depths of 20 soil profiles. In each soil sample, stone percent, bulk density, organic carbon and nitrogen were calculated. Data analysis was done using one – way ANOVA and Duncan test in SPSS 17 software. Results showed that all three grazing intensities have caused significant reduction in carbon and nitrogen of soil.
Leila Fazel Dehkordi; Hossein Azarnivand; Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki; Farhad Mahmoudi Kohan; Shahram Khalighi Sigaroudi
Abstract
To identify an appropriate index for monitoring and evaluation of drought, rainfall data obtainedfrom meteorological stations of Ilam Province from 2000 to 2011 and MODIS satellite images with16-day intervals were collected and processed. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) wascalculated based ...
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To identify an appropriate index for monitoring and evaluation of drought, rainfall data obtainedfrom meteorological stations of Ilam Province from 2000 to 2011 and MODIS satellite images with16-day intervals were collected and processed. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) wascalculated based on rainfall data; therefore, the rainfall data were used for measuring SPI andsatellite images were used for calculating NDVI. Also, the percentages of canopy cover in rangetypes were selected from the information of the National Evaluation of rangelands in differentclimatic zones. The correlation between SPI and NDVI and also canopy cover and NDVI wasexamined. The relationship between vegetation index (NDVI) and SPI was determined byregression. The results of SPI showed that in 2000 a severe drought and in 2006 a medium wetoccurred in rangelands of Ilam Province. NDVI value variations have as well confirmed it. Theresults showed that NDVI and life form (annual forb and annual grass) has the highest percentage ofcorrelation. Also examining of result showed that most correlation of SPI and NDVI was in 3 and 6-months intervals. Evaluation of regression models performance in range types described thatmodels in 3 and 6- months intervals was suitable for monitoring drought. The result of regressionconfirmed that NDVI was an appropriate index for monitoring and assessment of drought.
Seyed Hasan Kaboli; حسین آذرنیوند; علی اکبر مهرابی; حسین ارزانی; سید مهدی حشمت الواعظین
Abstract
One of the conventional methods in identifying issues or making decisions in communities is considering the views of individuals of the community. The aim of this research is to determine the effective determinants of rangeland performance according to the views of range manager community in winter pastures ...
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One of the conventional methods in identifying issues or making decisions in communities is considering the views of individuals of the community. The aim of this research is to determine the effective determinants of rangeland performance according to the views of range manager community in winter pastures of the Semnan province. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a multi-criteria/quantitative approach was employed for this research. Firstly, determinants of rangeland performance were grouped into human (economic and social) and natural (topographic conditions, climatology, geology and soils) criteria. Then, the major sub-criteria were identified based on interviews, existing experiences and literature review. Pairwise Comparison of all identified criteria and sub-criteria were conducted based on semi-structured questionnaire and interviews with 30 range managers. Finally, analysis of questionnaires was carried out using AHP method within Expert choice software. According to results, season, precipitation and private ownership seem to be the most important factors, respectively. However, research community had more disagreements regarding the natural criteria compared to human ones.
Mohammad Jafari; ِAli Tavili; Yahya Esmaeilpour; Hossein Azarnivand; Mohammad Zare Chahouki; Hamid Reza Asghari
Abstract
Abstract In this study the effects and costs of application of two kinds of super absorbent polymer on the establishment and surviving of seedlings was investigated. Experiments were done in the field and on two kind of soil with different salinity (EC: 4.5 and 8 dsm-1). The results showed: the establishment ...
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Abstract In this study the effects and costs of application of two kinds of super absorbent polymer on the establishment and surviving of seedlings was investigated. Experiments were done in the field and on two kind of soil with different salinity (EC: 4.5 and 8 dsm-1). The results showed: the establishment rate of seedling in control was about 40 percent. The percentage of seedling establishment in the hydrogel treatments significantly increased and statistically is equal to the optimal surviving of the seedling (80%). Soil salinity on seedling establishment in the same treatments did not produce significant differences. The results were compared with a similar project to determine the costs and benefits. Based on the results a 30 percent reduction in water usage per round and 33 to 50 percent reduction in the number of irrigation replicate were recorded. The costs in compare to the normal project varied from -2 to 29 percent respectively for treatment Herbosorb® 0.5% and Aquasorb 1%. The treatments Herbosorb® and Aquasorb with usage level of 0.5% caused about 2.5 percent for each one percent increasing in the cost. There is no significant increase in the percentage of seedling survival by using 1% super-absorbent compared to 0.5 percent.
Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini Kahnuj; Reza Erfanzadeh; Hossein Azarnivand
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of habitat kind on soil seed bank characteristics viz. density diversity, richness and similarity between seed bank and above ground vegetation. Two different habitats (grassland and forest) were selected in Vaz, Mazandaran province. The grassland habitat located ...
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This study aimed to investigate the effect of habitat kind on soil seed bank characteristics viz. density diversity, richness and similarity between seed bank and above ground vegetation. Two different habitats (grassland and forest) were selected in Vaz, Mazandaran province. The grassland habitat located in the upper end of the forest habitat, adjacent to each other. Then in each habitat, 7 transect perpendicular to slope gradient with 25 meter distance between transect were established; 10 1*1 m plots were selected along each transect. In each plot, 10 soil subsamples were collected and divided into two depths: 0-5 and 5-10 cm. soil sampling was done in winter, 2010. Soil samples were then transferred to and spread in the greenhouse. Germinated plant species were identified, counted and then removed. On the other hand, the above-ground cover of plant species in each plot was recorded in the next growing season. Finally, the number of seeds germinated in the greenhouse was recalculated per meter square and then the similarity between seed bank and aboveground vegetation was calculated in each plot using Sorenson similarity index. Non-paired and paired t-test was applied to compare soil seed bank characteristics between the two habitats and between the two depths, respectively. The results showed that all seed characteristics (with the exception of similarity between aboveground vegetation and soil seed bank in depth 5-10 cm) were significantly higher in grassland than forest. The lower seed characteristics in forest habitat could be related to lower seed input to soil, higher litter percentage and moisture in the above ground of forest habitat. These factors particularly soil moisture and litter could encourage the decomposition of seeds before penetrating soil. In total, the seed of only two shrublands species were germinated in the greenhouse.
Behzad Rayegani; Gholamreza Zehtabian; Hossein Azarnivand; seyed kazem alavipanah; Sayed Jamaleddin Khajeddin
Abstract
Soil is one of the main non-renewable natural resources in the world and its degradation is considered as a major threat around the globe because it reduces the productivity capacity of soil variability and makes the environment instable in the long turn. Soil degradation has three different ...
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Soil is one of the main non-renewable natural resources in the world and its degradation is considered as a major threat around the globe because it reduces the productivity capacity of soil variability and makes the environment instable in the long turn. Soil degradation has three different aspects: Physical, Chemical and Biological degradation. If any of these aspects of the destruction of the soil can be estimated in an equation, assessment and estimation of the soil degradation can be done easily. To achieve this goal extensive efforts have been made in various parts of the world and different methods for assessing soil degradation have been suggested. In this research latest guideline of soil degradation assessment presented by Land Degradation Assessment in Aridlands is used to desert region of the east of Esfahan and different aspects of soil degradation is assessed by that. According to the findings of this research, LADA methodology of soil degradation easily can be used by most users within the country because the method is simple and provides results as fast as possible. Comparing the results of this method and photos of relative the sampling sites has shown the model is reasonably accurate.
TAYYEBEH MESBAHZADEH
Abstract
This research was done in order to submit a model for salinity map made with TM satellite data and salinity values in a Buienzahra. The necessary processings such as principal component analysis and producing of different indices was done on the main bands. The 38 soil samples using random sampling (with ...
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This research was done in order to submit a model for salinity map made with TM satellite data and salinity values in a Buienzahra. The necessary processings such as principal component analysis and producing of different indices was done on the main bands. The 38 soil samples using random sampling (with 10×10 km dimension) from different horizons were designed and performed on the study area. The position of each node was registered with global positioning system (GPS), and the surface electric conductivity of samples was measured using EC meter instrument in soil saturation extract. Correlation between spectral values (main bands, produced indices) with electrical conductivity values were investigated for 80% of the samples. The regression analysis of ECe showed that there is a significant correlation between ECe with spectral data in all of main bands and with BI, NDMI, SI1, SI2, SI3 indices in 99% levels. The accuracy assessment of estimations using validation 20% samples was done. Results showed the produced ECe model could predict the soil salinity with ME and RMSE of 0.08 and 2.53 dS/m respectively. At finally, Salinity map with different salinity classes ( 0-2, 2-4, 4-16, 16-32, 32< dS m-1) was produced.
shima nikoo; Hossein Azarnivand; Gholam Reza Zehtabiyan; Hasan Ahmadi; Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki
Abstract
Combating desertification which is a serious threat for the environment and human welfare requires understanding complex issues of this phenomenon using evaluation, awareness of severity of it's processes and determination of it's factors. So here, after recognizing the characteristics of the region ...
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Combating desertification which is a serious threat for the environment and human welfare requires understanding complex issues of this phenomenon using evaluation, awareness of severity of it's processes and determination of it's factors. So here, after recognizing the characteristics of the region showing existence desertification, we assess its current status with emphasis on climate, water, geology-geomorphology, soil and wind erosion as the most criteria of desertification. According to more consensus on regional model or flexible model to modify, Iranian Model for Desertification Potential Assessment (IMDPA) ,which is calibrated to use in arid area of Iran, was chosen. At first the rainfall seasonality indicator was added to the model as a special climate character. Then primary assessment of desertification was done. At last according to the result of primary assessment, the area environmental conditions and revealed issues during assessment the model was modified, final assessment and mapping of desertification were done. At last according to the result of primary assessment, the area environmental conditions and revealed issues during assessment the model was modified, final assessment and mapping of desertification were done. Based on the results desertification intensity in 33/94% and 66/06% of the area are severe and moderate respectively. Also the major factors affecting desertification across Damghan region are climate, salinization of water and soil resources, improper land use, over exploitation of underground water, over grazing and improper irrigation method.
Behzad Rayegani; Gholamreza Zehtabian; Hossein Azarnivand; Seyed Jamalodin Khajedin; Seyed Kazem Alavipanah
Abstract
Arid and semi-arid areas, due to the sensitive, have variable ecosystems, so continuous assessment and monitoring of the environment is required for most of managerial and adjustment practices. Vegetation is one of the most important assessment tools and used as a criterion for evaluation and monitoring ...
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Arid and semi-arid areas, due to the sensitive, have variable ecosystems, so continuous assessment and monitoring of the environment is required for most of managerial and adjustment practices. Vegetation is one of the most important assessment tools and used as a criterion for evaluation and monitoring of ecosystem functions. In this study, for the first time in the country, we have evaluated status of vegetation in a desert area by the method provided by the Land Degradation Assessment in Aridlands as one of the last instruction of the vegetation status assessment. The model uses 16 different indicators to assess vegetation status: Total Bare Soil; Bare Spots; Litter cover or Surface organic matter; Vegetation Vigour; Proportion of perennial species; Proportion of Useful Species; Proportion of each vegetation strata; Species that decrease with grazing pressure; Species that increase with grazing pressure; Poisonous plants; Alien Invasive or proliferous weed species; Pest damage; Damage due to diseases; Bush /shrub encroachment; Utilization (Deforestation); Biomass decline. After running the model in the desert rangelands of East and compared the results with the reality, we found this model at least for the desert area, have very good performance.
Bahram Gholinejad; Mohammad Jaffari; Mohammad Ali Zarechahuki; Hossein Azarniuand; Hassan Pourbabaei
Abstract
This research has been done with the aim of explaining environmental and managerial factors that affects on rangeland vegetation distribution in Saral rangelands of Kurdistan province. After selecting plant types as working area were done sampling from plant types and determined some of plants parameters ...
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This research has been done with the aim of explaining environmental and managerial factors that affects on rangeland vegetation distribution in Saral rangelands of Kurdistan province. After selecting plant types as working area were done sampling from plant types and determined some of plants parameters such as kind and number of plants and cover percentage. Various environmental factors such as topographic factors (slope, slope direction and elevation), soil physical factors (depths, soil texture, gravel and saturation moisture) and various chemical factors such as acidity, electrical conductivity, lime, gypsum percentage, organic material, nitrogen, phosphor and potassium) were measured and grazing intensity were considered as managerial factors. After collecting data, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to determine relationship between vegetation cover and environmental factors by PC-ORD software. The results showed that among various environmental and managerial factors affecting in plant distribution, soil depth, grazing intensity, elevation, sand, gravel and silt percentage have the highest correlation with Principal Component Analyses. These factors are the most effective factors on plants type distribution in rangeland ecosystems. Among effective soil factors on distribution of plant communities in this study, soil physical factors have greater impact than soil chemical properties. Physiographic factors including elevation and managerial factors including grazing intensity have considering effect on distribution of plant communities.
Seyed Alireza Mousavi; Hossein Arzani; Gholamali Sharzei; Hossein Azarnivand; Mahdi Farahpour; Stephani Engel; Esmail Alizadeh; Aliakbar Nazari-Samani
Abstract
Soil conservation is one of the most important regulative functions of natural ecosystems. This function is of high importance in Taleghan Watershed due to high erosion quantity and sediment accumulation in Taleghan Dam reservoir. Soil loss reduction, sedimentation control and fertility conservation ...
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Soil conservation is one of the most important regulative functions of natural ecosystems. This function is of high importance in Taleghan Watershed due to high erosion quantity and sediment accumulation in Taleghan Dam reservoir. Soil loss reduction, sedimentation control and fertility conservation were considered as different aspects of soil conservation. Effect of land use and vegetation cover on soil conservation was studied by overlaying soil erosion map with other environmental data layers. Abandoned rainfed lands with low cover were considered as benchmark to evaluate the role of rangeland vegetation cover in soil conservation. Economic value of soil loss reduction function was estimated using opportunity cost approach and the benefits of rainfed agriculture. Economic value of sedimentation control also was calculated considering SDR ratio and avoided cost approach. Soil fertility conservation was quantified regarding the volume of soil conserved and nutrient content of soils of the study area. Economic value of this function was estimated using replacement cost approach. Results show that Mid-Taleghan rangelands conserve 60545 cubic meters of soil per annum. Annual economic value of soil loss reduction, sedimentation control and fertility conservation functions were estimated about 6262, 25287 and 8626 US dollars, respectively. These functions are just some limited aspects of rangeland functions and economic valuation of these functions could effectively be utilized for conservation of rangeland ecosystems.
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Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki; Lyla Khalsi Ahvazi; Hossein Azarnivand
Abstract
The aim of this study was providing plant species predictive habitat models by using logisticregression method. For this purpose, study area conducted in north east rangelands of Semnanmodeling vegetation data in addition to site condition in formation including topography, and soil wasprepared. sampling ...
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The aim of this study was providing plant species predictive habitat models by using logisticregression method. For this purpose, study area conducted in north east rangelands of Semnanmodeling vegetation data in addition to site condition in formation including topography, and soil wasprepared. sampling was done within each unit of sampling parallel transects and 1 vertical transectwith 750m length, each containing 15 quadrates (according to vegetation variations) were established.Quadrate size was determined for each vegetation type using the minimal area method. Soil sampleswere taken from 0-20 cm and 20-80 cm in starting and ending points of each transect. Logesticregression (LR) techniques were implemented for plant species predictive modeling. To plantpredictive mapping, it is necessary to prepare the maps of all affective factors of models. To mappingsoil characteristics, geostatistical method was used based on obtained predictive models for eachspecies (through LR method). The accuracy of the predicted maps was tested with actual vegetationmaps. In this study, the adequacy of vegetation type mapping was evaluated using kappa statistics.Predictive maps of Astragalus spp. ( κ =0.86), Halocnemum strobilaceum ( κ =0.51), Zygophylumeurypterum ( κ =0.58) and Seidlitzia rosmarrinus ( κ =0.6) with narrow amplitude is as the same ofactual vegetation map prepared for the study area. Predictive model of Artemisia sieberi ( κ =0.33),due to its ability to grow in most parts of north east rangeland of Semnan with relatively differenthabitat condition, is not possible.
