نشریه علمی - پژوهشی مرتع و آبخیزداری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

2 گروه ارزیابی و مخاطرات محیط‌زیست، پژوهشکده محیط‌زیست و توسعه پایدار، سازمان حفاظت محیط‌زیست کشور، تهران، ایران

3 گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

10.22059/jrwm.2023.351879.1688

چکیده

شکل‌های مختلف توسعه کاربری و فعالیت‌های انسانی در مناطق تحت حفاظت، از پیشران‌های اصلی تغییر محسوب می‌شوند که با آثار متعددی بر زیستگاه‌ها، رویشگاه‌ها، تنوع و غنای گونه‌ها همراه است. هدف از این پژوهش مدل‌سازی اثر فعالیت‌های انسان بر تنوع پوشش گیاهی با استفاده از شبکه عصبی مصنوعی و تعیین میزان اثرگذاری متغیرهای اکولوژیک و انسانی بر آن‌ است. پژوهش حاضر در منطقه حفاظت شده البرز مرکزی تحت مدیریت استان البرز انجام شده است. جهت دستیابی به هدف مذکور، ابتدا تعداد 101 نمونه قطعه پلات گیاهی و 101 نمونه خاک برداشت و آنالیزهای مربوط به خاک و پوشش گیاهی بر نمونه‌های برداشت شده، انجام شد. در نهایت با استفاده از روش شبکه عصبی پرسپترون چند لایه و با استفاده از 18 متغیر ورودی شامل متغیرهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک، متغیرهای فیزیوگرافی و متغیرهای انسانی، اثر فعالیت‌های انسان بر تنوع پوشش گیاهی در محدوده مورد مطالعه مدل‌سازی شد. با توجه به نتایج، مدل با ساختار 1-5-18 با بیش‌ترین مقدار ضریب تبیین در سه دسته داده آموزش، اعتبارسنجی و آزمون معادل 82/0، 81/0 و 68/0 بهترین عملکرد بهینه‌سازی ساختار را نشان می‌دهد. فاصله از جاده‌ها، هدایت الکتریکی و درصد ماده آلی خاک به ترتیب بیش‌ترین تأثیر را بر تنوع پوشش گیاهی در محدوده مورد مطالعه از خود نشان دادند. مدل‌ ارائه شده در این پژوهش به عنوان سیستم‌ پشتیبان تصمیم‌گیری در ارزیابی اثرات فعالیت‌های انسان بر تنوع پوشش گیاهی در مناطق تحت حفاظت کاربرد دارد و امکان پیش‌بینی میزان اثرات مذکور را بر تنوع پوشش گیاهی در این مناطق فراهم می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Modeling the Effect of Environmental Factors on the Diversity of Vegetation in Central Alborz Protected Area

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hannaneh Sadat Sadat Mousavi 1
  • Afshin Danehkar 1
  • Ali Jahani 2
  • Vahid Etemad 3
  • Farnoush Attar Sahragard 1

1 Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

2 Assessment and Environment Risks Department, Research Center of Environment and Sustainable Development, Iran Environmental Protection Organization, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

چکیده [English]

Different forms of land use development and human activities in protected areas are considered to be the main drivers of change, which have many effects on habitats, habitats, diversity and richness of species. The purpose of this research is to model the effect of human activities on the diversity of vegetation using the artificial neural network method and determine the impact of ecological and human variables on them. This research was done in the Central Alborz protected area under the management of Alborz Province. To achieve the mentioned purpose, firstly, 101 plots and 101 soil samples were collected and, soil and vegetation analysis were performed on the samples. Finally, using the multilayer perceptron neural network method and using 18 input variables including physical and chemical variables of the soil, physiographic variables, and human factors variables , the effect of human activities on the diversity of vegetation in the study area modeled. According to the results, the vegetation diversity model with the structure of 1-5-18 according to the highest value of the coefficients of determination in the three categories of training, validation, and test data is equal to 0.82. 0.81 and 0.68 show the best structure optimization performance, distance from roads, electrical conductivity, and percentage of organic matter in the soil show the greatest effect on the diversity of vegetation in the study area. The model presented in this research is used as a decision support system in evaluating the effects of human activities on the diversity of vegetation in protected areas and provides the possibility of predicting the extent of these effects on the diversity of vegetation in these areas.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Artificial neural network
  • Biodiversity index
  • Human activities
  • multilayer perceptron
  • Protected areas
Abdollahi, M. and Fayadi, M. (2010). Legal challenges of Iran Environmental Protection Organization. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 7 (4), 143-180 (in Persian).
Aghajani, H., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Jahani, A., Asef, M.R., Shirvany, A. & Azaryan, M. (2014). Investigation of affective habitat factors affecting on abundance of wood macrofungi and sensitivity analysis using the artificial neural network. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 21(4), 9-19 (in Persian).
Atic, M., Seleuk, S. & Karaguzel, O. (2009). Impact of recreational trampling on the natural vegetation in Termessos National Park. Antalya-Turkey, Tarim Bilimeri Dergisi, 15(3), 249-258.
Bahmani, H., Ataei, I. & Moradmand Jalali, A. (2014). Comparison of biodiversity indices of tree species in Darabkala forest. Journal of Environment sciences and technology, 15 (4), 55-64 (in Persian).
Bayram Komaki, CH., Asadi Kia, R. & Niknahad Gharmakher, H. (2019). Estimating the percentage of plant coverage and biomass using remote sensing indicators (Case study: Central Alborz protected area - Karaj city). Remote sensing and geographic information system in natural resources, 10 (1), 1-16 (in Persian).
Borana, S.L. & Yadav, S.K. (2017). Prediction of land cover changes of Jodhpur city using cellular automata markov modelling techniques. International Journal of Engineering Science, 17(11), 15402-15406.
Eshaghi Rad, J., Heydari, M., Mahdavi, A. & Zeinivandzadeh, M. (2011). The effect of recreational activities on the vegetation and soil of the forest park (case study: Chaghasabz Forest Park, Ilam). Journal of Iranian Forestry, Iranian Forestry Association, 3 (1), 71-80 (in Persian).
Ghaemi, Z. & Moghim, E. (2016). Studies of planning Alborz province: Department of Environmental Studies (Volume I). Management and Planning Organization of Alborz Province, Shargh Ayand Consulting Engineering Company, 201 p (in Persian).
Heydari, M., Pourbabaei, H. & Esmaeilzadeh, O. (2015). Investigating the impact of habitat characteristics and human destructions on the diversity of plant species understorey and soil in the forest ecosystem of Zagros using the path analysis method. Plant Research Journal (Iranian Biology Journal), 28 (3), 535-548 (in Persian).
Jafari Haghighi, M., 2004. Soil analysis methods, sampling and important physical and chemical analyzes with emphasis on theoretical and practical principles. Nedaye Zoha press, Tehran, 236 p. (in Persian).
Jahani, A. (2016). Modeling of forest canopy density confusion in environmental assessment using artificial neural network. Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 24(2), 310-322 (in Persian).
Jahani, A. (2019). Forest landscape aesthetic quality model (FLAQM): A comparative study on landscape modelling using regression analysis and artificial neural networks. Journal of Forest Science, 65(2), 61-69.
Jahani, A. & Saffariha, M. (2021). Human activities impact prediction in vegetation diversity of Lar National Park in Iran using artificial neural network model. Journal of Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 17(1), 42-52.
Jahani, A., Feghhi, J., Makhdoum, M.F. & Omid, M. (2016). Optimized forest degradation model (OFDM): an environmental decision support system for environmental impact assessment using an artificial neural network. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 59(2), 222-244.
Jahani, A., Goshtasb, H. & Saffariha, M. (2020). Tourism impact assessment modeling of vegetation density for protected areas using data mining techniques. Journal of Land Degradation & Development, 31(12), 1502-1519.
Jahedipour, S., Kouchaki, A.R., Nasiri Mahallati, M. & Rezvani Moghadam, P. (2017). The effect of physiographic factors on the biodiversity of plant species in the desert ecosystem of Gonabad Kakhak. Desert Ecosystem Engineering Journal, 5 (13), 1-12 (in Persian).
Lucas‐Borja, M.E., Bastida, F., Moreno, J.L., Nicolás, C., Andres, M., Lopez, F.R. & Del Cerro, A. (2011). The effects of human trampling on the microbiological properties of soil and vegetation in Mediterranean mountain areas. Journal of Land Degradation & Development, 22(4), 383-394.
Maier, H.R., Jain, A., Dandy, G.C. & Sudheer, K.P. (2010). Methods used for the development of neural networks for the prediction of water resource variables in river systems: Current status and future directions. Environmental modelling & software, 25(8), 891-909.
Majnounian, H. (2014). Protected areas: Basics and protection measures of parks and areas in Iran and the world (along with scientific and technical guides). Deynegar press, Tehran, 414 p. (in Persian).
Makhdoum, M. (2021). Fundamental of Land Use Planning. Tehran University press, Tehran, 300 p. (in Persian).
Moghaddam, M.R. (2008). Quantitative Plant Ecology. Tehran University press, Tehran, 285 p. (in Persian).
Mosaffaei, Z., Jahani, A., Zare Chahouki, M.A., Goshtasb, H. & Etemad, V. (2019). Modeling vegetation destruction using Simpson's biodiversity index, (case study of Sorkheh Hesar National Park). National conference on modern studies of civil engineering, architecture and urban planning in the 21st century, Comprehensive University of Applied Sciences Organization of Municipalities Cooperation, Karaj, Iran. 440-450 (in Persian).
Mozaffarian, V. (2001). Studying the environmental management plan of central Alborz area. Bomabad consulting engineers, Department of Environment, Office of Management of Habitats and Regional Affairs, 359 p. (in Persian).
Naghdi, R., Pourbabaei, H., Heydari, M. & Nouri, M. (2014). Investigating the effects of a forest road on vegetation and some physical and chemical properties of the soil (case study: Shafarood forests, series 2). Iranian Forest Ecology Journal, 2 (3), 49-65 (in Persian).
Najafi Ghiri, M., Kiasi, Y., Khademi. F., Mahmoudi, A.R., Boustani, H.R., Mokarram, M. & Gholami, M.J. (2018). Effects of roads on vegetation and some physical and chemical characteristics and ability to use soil elements. Journal of Water and Soil Sciences, 22 (3), 299-310 (in Persian).
Peng, J., Liu, Z., Liu, Y., Wu, J. & Han, Y. (2012). Trend analysis of vegetation dynamics in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau using Hurst Exponent. Ecological Indicators, 14(1), 28-39.
Pickering, C.M. & Hill, W. (2007). Impacts of recreation and tourism on plant biodiversity and vegetation in protected areas in Australia. Journal of environmental management, 85(4), 791-800.
Piri Sahragard, H., Zare Chahouki, M.A. & Azarnivand, H. (2015). Modeling the distribution of plant species in dry and desert areas using artificial neural networks (Case study: Hoze sultan pastures of Qom province). Journal of Desert Management, 3 (5), 26-39 (in Persian).
Pourmohammad, P. (2018). Road impact assessment on soil and vegetation in protected areas (Case Study: Khojir National Park). MS.c thesis. Environment group. Collage of Environment, Karaj, Iran, 111 p. (in Persian)
Rannow, S. & Neubert, M. (2014). Managing protected areas in central and eastern Europe under climate change. Springer Nature. 308 p.
Sabzeghabaei, G.R. & Salehipour, F. (2013). Zoning of protected areas as a way to achieve effective management in protected areas. The first national conference on environment, energy and biodefense, Promotional group of environmental lovers- Mehr Arvand Institute of Higher Education, Tehran. 1-9 (in Persian).
Sayareh, V., Sadeghi Rad, A. & Moradi, H. (2019). Investigating the effect of natural tourism on the richness and diversity of vegetation parameters (case study: Kalashk pastures, Kermanshah province). Journal Rangeland, 13 (4), 584-595 (in Persian).
Shirani sarmazeh, N., Jahani, A., Goshtasb Maygooni, H. & Etemad, V. (2018). Ecological impacts assessment of recreation on quality of soil and vegetation in protected areas (case study: Qhamishloo National Park and Wildlife Refuge). Journal of Natural environment (Natural resources of Iran), 70 (4), 881-891 (in Persian).
Vali, A. A., Ramesht, M. H., Seif, A. & Ghazavi, R. (2012). An assessment of the artificial neural networks technique to geomorphologic modeling sediment yield (case study Samandegan river system). Geography And Environmental Planning (University of Isfahan), 22: 5-9 (in Persian).
Veis Karami, Z., Pilehvar, B. & Haghizadeh, A. (2019). Investigating the impact of human-caused disturbance on vegetation and soil changes in Darmazu forests of Lorestan province. Journal of watershed engineering and management, 11 (1), 233-251 (in Persian).
Yaghmaei, L., Jafari, R., Soltani, S., Bashari, H. & Jahanbazi, H. (2016). The effect of human activities on the deterioration of forest and pasture vegetation using remote sensing (case study: Barez region, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province). The second international conference on landscape ecology, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan. 1-11 (in Persian).
Yari, R., Azarnivand, H., Zare Chahouki, M.A. & Farzad Mehr, J. (2012). Investigating the relationship between species diversity and environmental factors in Sarchah Amari pastures in Birjand. Iran's grassland and desert research, 19 (1), 95-107 (in Persian).
Zare Chahouki, M.A., Jafari, M. & Azarnivand, H. (2008). Investigating the relationship between species diversity and environmental factors in the pastures of Poshtkooh, Yazd province. Journal of Research and Construction, 21 (1), 192-199 (in Persian).
Zeng, S.L., Zhang, T.T., Gao, Y., Li, B., Fang, C.M., Flory, S.L. & Zhao, B. (2012). Road effects on vegetation composition in a saline environment. Journal of Plant Ecology, 5(2), 206-218.