نشریه علمی - پژوهشی مرتع و آبخیزداری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

3 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

4 موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

10.22059/jrwm.2026.402017.1851

چکیده

این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی ارتباط شاخص‌های ژئومورفومتریک بر رطوبت خاک سطحی در پنج زیر حوضه آبریز زرینه رود و سیمینه رود، واقع در شمال-غرب ایران انجام گرفت. داده‌های رطوبت خاک از 287 نقطه مربوط به سال 2015 تا 2017 ماهوارهSMAP مورد پردازش قرارگرفتند. شاخص‌های ژئومورفومتری شامل شاخص خیسی توپوگرافی (TWI)، موقعیت توپوگرافی (TPI)، اثر باد، درمعرض باد قرارگرفتگی(WEI)، جهت جریان (Flow_D) و تجمع(Accumulation) جریان، تحلیل سایه اندازی تپه‌ها( AH) تهیه و رابطه آنها با رطوبت خاک سطحی ماهوارهSMAP با استفاده مدل جنگل تصافی بررسی و اهمیت نسبی آن‌ها تعیین گردید. دامنه تغییرپذیری میانگین رطوبت خاک در حوضه بین 08/0 وcm-3.cm-3 5/0 می‌باشد. نتایج نشان داد که نواحی با کلاس رطوبتی بالا(35/0 تا cm3.cm3 5/0) در زیر حوضه میاندوآب پراکنش دارد. نتایج اعتبارسنجی داده های SMAP در محل 287 نقطه مشاهداتی براساس آماره های ضریب همبستگی(r) و ریشه میانگین مربعات اختلاف (RMSD) نشان داد که در ماه جولای به ترتیب با مقادیر 77/0 وcm3.cm-3 18/0 و ماه می با 5/0وcm3.cm-3 بیشترین و کمترین میزان تطابق وجود دارد. نتایج مدل سازی جنگل تصادفی بیانگر دقت مناسب این مدل غیرخطی با ضریب تبیین(R2) بیش از 7/0 با ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای 04/0 درصد می باشد. براساس تغییرات شاخص %IncMSE پارامترهای WEI و TWI با مقادیر بالاتر از16 بیشترین اهمیت و بعد از این دو، شاخص تحلیل سایه اندازی تپه‌ها (AH) یا مقدار13 درصد واقع شده است. پارامتر Flow_D با مقدار 9/8 درصد کمترین میزان تاثیر را بر تغییرات رطوبت خاک سطحی SMAP دارد. بطورکلی، همبستگی خوبی بین داده‌های رطوبت حاصل از ماهواره SMAP و پارامترهای ژئومورفومتری برای یافتن الگوی تغییرات مکانی رطوبت خاک سطحی در حوضه‌های ابریز سیمینه و ذرینه وجود داشت و رویکرد مورد استفاده در این تحقیق در تلفیق با پتانسیل رویکردهای یادگیری ماشین امکان استفاده در سایر حوضه‌های با شرایط اقلیمی و توپوگرافی مشابه را دارا می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Role of Geomorphometric Indicators in Controlling the Spatio-temporal Pattern of SMAP-Estimated Soil Moisture: A Case Study of the Simineh–Zarrineh Basin, Bukan

نویسندگان [English]

  • Khaled Haji Maleki 1
  • Alireza Vaezi 2
  • Fereydoon Sarmadian 3
  • Asghar Rahmani 4

1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

3 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

4 Soil and Water Research institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran

چکیده [English]

Soil moisture in the upper soil layers plays a vital role in water and soil resource management, directly influencing infiltration, runoff, agricultural productivity, and flood regulation. Its spatial variability is controlled by multiple factors, including climate conditions, topography, vegetation, and soil characteristics. Neglecting these variations often leads to significant errors in hydrological and agricultural modeling. This study investigates the relationship between geomorphometric indices and surface soil moisture across five sub-basins of the Simineh and Zarrineh rivers in northwest Iran, using both field observations and satellite data. Soil moisture measurements from 287 points (2015–2017) were compared with Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite estimates to generate high-resolution spatial maps. Several geomorphometric indices were derived, including the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), Topographic Position Index (TPI), Wind Exposure Index (WEI), flow direction (Flow_D), flow accumulation, and Analytical Hillshading (AH). The Random Forest (RF) model was applied to determine the importance of geomorphometric attributes. Validation results revealed a strong correspondence between SMAP data and field observations, with July showing the highest correlation (r = 0.77, soil moisture = 0.18 cm³·cm⁻³) and May the lowest (r = 0.50). The RF model achieved robust performance (R² > 0.7, RMSE = 0.04%). Among the indices, WEI and TWI exhibited the greatest importance (>16%), followed by AH (13%), while Flow_D had the lowest influence (8.9%). These findings confirm the significant role of topographic and hydrological features in controlling soil moisture distribution. The integration of SMAP data with machine learning and geomorphometric indices provides a reliable framework for soil moisture monitoring, offering valuable insights for agricultural management, hydrological modeling, and environmental planning in similar watersheds.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Geomorphometry
  • relative importance
  • random forest
  • surface soil moisture
  • SMAP satellite
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