[1] Aavik, T. and Liira, J. (2010). Quantifying the effect of organic farming, field boundary type and landscape structure on the vegetation of field boundaries. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 135, 178–186.
[2] Aggemyr, E. and Cousins, S.A.O. (2012). Landscape structure and land use history influence changes in island plant composition after 100 years. Journal Biogeogr, 39, 1645–1656.
[3] Amarasekare, P. (2008). Spatial dynamics of foodwebs. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst, 39, 479–500.
[4] Arrhenius, O. (1921). Species and area. Journal Ecol, 9, 95–99.
[5] Balvanera, P., Siddique, I., Dee, L., Paquette, A., Isbell, F., Gonzalez, A. and et al. (2013). Linking biodiversity and ecosystem services: current uncertainties and the necessary next steps. Bioscience, 64, 49–57.
[6] Baselga, A. and Orme, C.D.L. (2012). betapart: an R package for the study of beta diversity. Methods Ecol. Evol, 3(5), 808-812.
[7] Botta-Dukat, Z. (2005). Rao's quadratic entropy as a measure of functional diversity based on multiple traits. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16, 533-540.
[8] Burel, F. and Baudry, J. (2003). Landscape ecology concepts, methods and application. Science Publishers, INS, USA.
[9] Cadotte, M.W. (2011). The new diversity: management gains through insights into the functional diversity of communities. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(5), 1067–1069.
[10] Cardinale, B.J., Duffy, J.E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D.U., Perrings, C., Venail, P. and et al. (2012). Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486, 59–67.
[11] Cook, W.M., Yao, J., Foster, B.L., Holt, R.D. and Patrick, L.B. (2005). Secondary succession in an experimentally fragmented landscape: community patterns across space and time. Ecology, 86, 1267–1279.
[12] Cornelissen, J.H.C., Lavorel, S., Garnie, E.R., Diaz, S., Buchmann, N.D., Gurvich, E., Reich, P.B.H., Steege, T., Morgan, H.D. and Van Der Heijden, M.G.A. (2003). A Handbook of Protocols for Standardised and Easy Measurement of Plant Functional Traits Worldwide. Australian journal of Botany, 51(4), 335–380.
[13] De Sanctis, M. Alfo`, M. Attorre, F. Francesconi, F. and Bruno, F. (2010). Effects of habitat configuration and quality on species richness and distribution in fragmented forest patches n…. Journal of Vegetation Science, 21, 55–65.
[14] Diaz, S. and Cabido, M. (2001). Vive la différence: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 16(11), 646–655.
[15] Diaz, S., Lavorel, S., de Bello, F., Quetier, F., Grigulis, K. and Robson, M.T. (2007). Incorporating Plant Functional Diversity Effects in Ecosystem Service Assessments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (PNAS), 104(52), 20684–20689.
[16] Dramstad, W., Olson, J. and Forman, R. (1996). Landscape ecology principles in landscape architecture and land use planning. Washington D.C, Island Press.
[17] Duffy, J.P. and et al. (2018). Spatial assessment of intertidal seagrass meadows using optical imaging systems and a lightweight drone. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 200, 169-180.
[18] Dzwonko, Z. and Loster, S. (1989). Distribution of vascular plant species in small woodlands on the western Carpathian foothills. Oikos, 56, 77–86.
[19] Eugenio, F., Martin, J., Marcello, J. and Fraile-Nuez, E. (2013). Environmental monitoring of El Hierro Island submarine volcano, by combining low and high resolution satellite imagery. 29, 53-66.
[20] Ewers, R.M. and Didham, R.K. (2006). Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation. Biological Reviews, 81, 117-142.
[21] Fahrig, L. (2013). Rethinking patch size and isolation effects: the habitat amount hypothesis. Journal Biogeogr, 40, 1649–1663.
[22] Ferris, R. and Purdy, K. (2003). A landscape-scale approach to forest design and biodiversity conservation in Sherwood Natural Area.
[23] Ferwerda, F. (2003). Assessing the importance of remnant vegetation for maintaining biodiversity in rural landscapes using geospatial analysis. M.Sc. thesis, RMIT University.
[24] Flick, T. Feagan, S. and Fahrig, L. (2012). Effects of landscape structure on butterfly species richness and abundance in agricultural landscapes in eastern Ontario, Canada. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 156, 123–133.
[25] Forman, R.T.T. (1995). Some general principles of landscape and regional ecology. Landscape ecology, Amsterdam, SPB Academic Publishing.
[26] Forman, R.T.T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J., Clevenger, A., Cutshall, C., Dale, V. and Heanue, K. (2003). Road ecology: Science and Solutions. Washington, D,C, Island Press.
[27] Ghandali, M., Alizadeh, A., Karami, M., Kaboli, M. And Zohrabi, H. (2014). Application of Landscape Ecology Criteria in Assessing Wild Sheep Habitat in Kavir National Park. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16, 552-561.
[28] Haddad, N.M. and et al. (2015). Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems. Science Advances, 1(2), e1500052.
[29] Haddad, N.M., Gonzalez, A., Brudvig, L.A., Burt, M.A., Levey, D.J. and Damschen, E.I. (2017). Experimental evidence does not support the habitat amount hypothesis. Ecography, 40, 48–55.
[30] Hosseini, M. And Rostami, S. (2017). Landscape Ecology. Publications of Rasht University Jihad Environmental Research Institute, first edition, 310 p.
[31] Jaeger, J. (2002). Landscape fragmentation: A trans disciplinary study according to the concept of environmental threat Verlag Eugen Ulmer. Stuttgart, Germany.
[32] Kadmon, R. and Allouche, O. (2007). Integrating the effects of area, isolation, and habitat heterogeneity on species diversity: A unification of island biogeography and niche theory. American Natrulist, 170, 443–454.
[33] Kolmogorov, A. (1933). Sulla determinazione empirica di una lgge di distribuzione. Inst. Ital. Attuari, Giorn, 4, 83-91.
[34] Lee, M.B. and Martin, J.A. (2017). Avian Species and Functional Diversity in Agricultural Landscapes: Does Landscape Heterogeneity Matter? PLOS ONE, Journal pone. 0170540.
[35] Legendre, P. (2014). Interpreting the replacement and richness difference components of beta diversity. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr, 23(11), 1324–1334.
[36] Leitao, A.B. and Ahern, J. (2002). Applying Landscape Ecological Concepts and Metrics in Sustainable Landscape Planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 59, 65-93.
[37] Leprieur, F. and Oikonomou, A. (2014). The need for richness-independent measures of turnover when delineating biogeographical regions. Journal Biogeogr, 41(2), 417–420.
[38] Leps, J., de Bello, F., Lavorel, S. and Berman, S. (2006). Quantifying and interpreting functional diversity of natural communities: practical considerations matter. Preslia, 78, 481–501.
[39] Levene, H. (1960). Robust tests for equality of variances, in Contributions to probability and statistics: essays in honor of Harold Hotelling. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto. CA, 278-292.
[40] Lindgren, J.P. and Cousins, S.A.O. (2017). Island biogeography theory outweighs habitat amount hypothesis in predicting plant species richness in small grassland remnants. Landscape Ecol.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-017-0544-5.
[41] Liu, G., Xie, X., Ye, D., Ye, X., Tuvshintogtokh, I., Mandakh, B., Huang, Z. and Dong, M. (2013). Plant Functional Diversity and Species Diversity in the Mongolian Steppe. PLoS ONE, 8 (10), e77565.
[42] Liu, Y., Duan, M., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Yu, Z. and Axmacher, J.C. (2014). Effects of plant diversity, habitat and agricultural landscape structure on the functional diversity of carabid assemblages in the North China Plain. Insect Conservation and Diversity, Doi: 10.1111/icad.12096.
[43] MacArthur, R.H. and Wilson, E.O. (1967). The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
[44] Mace, G.M., Norris, K. and Fitter, A.H. (2012). Biodiversity and ecosystem services: a multilayered relationship. Trends in ecology & evolution, 27, 19-26.
[45] Mason, N.W.H., Mouillot, D., Lee, W.G. and Wilson, J.B. (2005). Functional richness, functional evenness and functional divergence: the primary components of functional diversity. Oikos, 111(1), 112–118.
[46] McGarigal, K., Cushman, S., Neel, M. and Ene, E. (2002). FRAGSTATS v3: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available at the following web site:http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/ fragstats/ fragstats.html.
[47] Mouillot, D., Mason, N.W., Dumay, O. and Wilson, J.B. (2005). Functional regularity: a neglected aspect of functional diversity. Oecologia, 142, 353–359.
[48] Mori, A.S., Isbell, F. and Seidl, R. (2018). β-diversity, community assembly, and ecosystem functioning. Trends in ecology & evolution, 33(7), 549–564.
[49] Mortelliti, A., Amori, G. and Boitani, L. (2010). The role of habitat quality in fragmented landscapes: a conceptual overview and prospectus for future research. Oecologia, 163, 535-547.
[50] Munsi, M., Areendran, G., Ghosh, A. and Joshi, P.K. (2010). Landscape Characterisation of the Forests of Himalayan Foothills. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 38(3), 441-452.
[51]
Naghipour Borj, A.A.,
Khajeddin, S.J., Bashari, H.,
Iravani, M. and
Tahmasebi, P. (2016). Effects of fire and grazing on density, diversity and richness of soil seed bank in semisteppe rangelands of Central Zagros region, Iran.
Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 23(3), 442-453.
[52] Nock, C.A., Vogt, R.J. and Beisner, B.E. (2001). Functional Traits. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Chichester.
[53] Omidipour, R., Ebrahimi, A., Tahmasebi, P. And Faramarzi, M. (2019). Investigating the relationship between stability and plant functional diversity of rangeland ecosystems along the productivity gradient in arid and semi-arid regions. PhD Thesis in Natural Resources, Rangeland Management, Shahrekord University, 162 p.
[54] Pakeman, R.J., Lepš, J., Kleyer, M., Lavorel, S. and Garnie, E. (2009). Relative climatic, edaphic and management controls of plant functional trait signatures. Journal of Vegetation Science, 20, 148–159.
[55] Pavoine, S. and Bonsall, M.B. (2011). Measuring biodiversity to explain community assembly: a unified approach. Biol. Rev, 86, 792–812.
[56] Perez-Harguindeguy, N., Diaz, S., Garnier, E., Lavorel, S., Poorter, H., Jauregui berry, P.M.S., Bret-Harte Cornwell, W.K., Craine, J.M. and Gurvich, E.D. (2013). New Handbook for Standardised Measurement of Plant Functional Traits Worldwide. Australian Journal of botany, 61(3), 167–234.
[57] Petchey, O.L. and Gaston, K.J. (2006). Functional diversity: back to basics and looking forward. Ecology Letters, 9(6), 741-758.
[58] Peterken, G.F. and Game, M. (1984). Historical factors affecting the number and distribution of vascular plant species in the woodlands of central Lincolnshire. Journal of Ecology, 72, 155–182.
[59] Polis, G.A., Power, M.E. and Huxel, G.R. (Eds) (2004). Food Webs at the Landscape Level. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
[60] Rader, R., Birkhofer, K., Schmucki, R., Smith, H.G., Stjernman, M. and Lindborg, R. (2014). Organic farming and heterogeneous landscapes positively affect different measures of plant diversity. Journal of Applied Ecology, 51, 1544–1553.
[61] Rao, C.R. (1982). Diversity and dissimilarity coefficients: a unified approach. Theoretical Population Biology, 21, 24–43.
[62] Revilla, E., Palomares, F. and Delibes, M. (2001). Edge-core effects and the effectiveness of traditional reserves in conservation: Eurasian Badgers in Donana National Park. Conservation Biology, 15, 148-158.
[63] Rodrıguez-Loinaz, G. Amezaga, I. and Onaindia, M. (2012). Does forest fragmentation affect the same way all growthforms? Journal of Environmental Management, 94, 125– 131.
[64] Rosenzweig, M.L. (1995). Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
[65] Santoandré, S., Filloy, J., Zurita, G.A. and Bellocq, M.I. (2019). Taxonomic and functional β-diversity of ants along tree plantation Chrono sequences differ between contrasting biomes. Basic and Applied Ecology, 41, 1–12.
[66] Setayeshi, F., Varasteh Moradi, H. And Salman Mahini, A. (2012). Effects of forest patches size on bird biodiversity (Case study: Gorgan city). The second conference on environmental planning and management, May 26 and 27.
[67] Silva, D.M., Marco Antonio, B. and Marcus Vinicius, C. (2013). Influence of fire history and soil properties on plant species richness and functional diversity in a Neotropical savanna. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 27(3), 490-497.
[68] Stephens, S.E., Koons, D.N., Rotella, J.J. and Willey, D.W. (2003). Effects of habitat fragmentation on avian nesting success: a review of the evidence at multiple spatial scales. Biological Conservation, 115, 101- 110.
[69]
Stephens, J.P.,
Berven, K.A. and
Tiegs. S.D. (2013). Anthropogenic changes to leaf litter input affect the fitness of a larval amphibian. Freshwater Biology, 58, 1631–1646.
[70] Supp, S.R. and Ernest, S.K. (2014). Species-level and community-level responses to disturbance: a cross-community analysis. Ecology, 95, 1717–1723.
[71] Tahmasebi, P., Moradi, M. and Omidipour, R. (2017). Plant Functional Identity as the Predictor of Carbon Storage in Semi-Arid Ecosystems. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 17550874.2017.1355414.
[72] Tscharntke, T. and et al. (2012). Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes- eight hypotheses. Biol. Rev, 87, 661–685.
[73] Villeger, S., Mason, N.W.H. and Mouillot, D. (2008). New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaceted framework in functional ecology. Ecology, 89(8), 2290–2301.
[74] Zebardast, L., Yavari, A.R., Salehi, E. and Makhdoum, M. (2011). Application of effective mesh size metric for the analysis of forest habitat fragmentation inside the defined road effect zone of Golestan national park. Environmental Ssudies, 37(58), 15-20.
)